котерия (луговых собачек) coteria
лидерство в ~ leadership
The dominant silverback in a gorilla group usually adopts a special stance before an integrated troop movement, and the other members then follow him.
матриархальная matriarchal group (with matrilineal relationshhips)
молодых особей juvenile group
многосамцовая multi-male group, multi-male troop
напряжённость отношений внутри ~ intra-group strife and tension
община социальных насекомых см.
односамцовая one-male group
основанная на равноправии особей (эгалитарная) egalitarian society
прайд (львов) pride
разросшаяся семья extended-family group
расщепление ~ group fission
родичей kin group
самцовая разновозрастная age-graded male troop
семейная close knit-group
слияние ~ groups fusion
сложность структурная ~ structural complexiti of the social group
стая см.
стадо см.
социальная ячейка society
структура ~ group structure
ток см
густой thick, dense; luxuriant, lush (растительность); soupy (туман)
~ лес dense forest
~ трава thick grass
Д
двигательный motive, motor, motorial
двигаться move, advance (вперед)
~ решительно advance determinedly
движение см. телодвижения
движения выразительные expressive movements
~ с помощью лицевых мышц facial expression
деградировать deteriorate
дезертирование desertion, abandontment
High percentage of nest failures were due to their abandonment by parents
дем deme
демография demography
демонстрация display, advertisement
The species-specific characteristics of using a particular form of displays are closely connected with the expressiveness of the signal behaviour of a species, which is in turn determined by the height of the thresholds for a particular actions execution.
The crest serves to exaggerate the visual effect of a pronounced rapid movement used in the ceremony of inter-male greeting, namely, the bobbing of the head.
~ воинственные combative display
~ вызова на дуэль challenge display
~ гениталий genital display
~ горлового мешка «раздувания» (у ящериц) dewlap extension
~ дрожания quiver display
~ оскала bared-teeth display
~ отвлекающая внимание хищника distraction display
~ паховой области inguinal display
~ приветствия greeting behaviour
~ самоутверждения assertion display, self-assurance display
~ угрозы threat display
~ умиротворяющие (мн.) ~ appeasement behaviour
~ флемования fleming
атрибуты ~ display paraphernalia
боковая ~ broadside display, side display, lateral display
брачные ~ courtship displays
вибрационные (у пауков) ~ vibratory courtship display
в полете ~ aerial display
вокальные (мн.) ~ vocal displays
воспроизводить (проделывать) perform, execute, employ
двигательные (мн.) ~ movement displays
запугивающая ~ intimidation display
механических звуков (мн.) ~ mechanical noise displays
отвлекающая внимание ~ distraction display
сложно-дифференцированая ~ elaborate display, extravagant display
социальные (мн.) ~ social display
статическая ~ static display
темп выполнения ~ cadence of display
The speed at which the units of dislay is performed in their sequence is the cadence of the dispay
тонкие детали ~ individual mannerisms
дерево tree; wood; arbor
The crown stratum formed by canopies of trees is generally very discontinuous , except in more dense forest-like stands mainly along rivers and wooded dongas.
In the case of single trees or small groups of isolated trees coverage was (цифровое значение)
~ на дереве (птица, гнездо) in tree
~ на опушке border tree
ветвящееся ~ branching tree
группы ~ trees occur in single groups
дуплистое ~ hollow tree
молодое ~ sapling
неветвящееся ~ tufted tree
низкорослое ~ bushy tree
отдельно растущее ~ single tree
плакучее ~ weeping tree
раскидистое ~ shaggy tree
суховершинное ~ stag-headed tree
сухостойное ~ dead standing tree
угнетённое ~ suppressed tree
флагообразное ~ flag-shaped tree
держать keep, hold; ~ собак keep dogs
Hawks and owls hold large prey with their feet, but shrikes, with their passerine feet, appear ill-equipped to do so.
дериват derivative, offshot
All the populations inhabiting the Arctic are offshoots of southern peoples.
дефекация defecation
деятельность activity, performance
~ человека human activity
высшая нервная ~ higher nervous activity
нервно-психическая ~ neuro-psychic activity
рефлекторная ~ reflex activity
хозяйственная ~ agro-industrial activity
диморфизм dimorphism
обратный половой ~ reversed sex dimorphism
половой ~ sex dimorphism, sexual dimorphism;
сезонный ~ seasonal dimorphism
диморфный dimorphic, dimorphous
динамика dynamics
~ популяции population dynamics
~ численности dynamics of abundance, population dynamics
сезонная ~ seasonal dynamics
дискомфорт discomfort
дискретность discontinuity
~ растительного покрова discontinuity of vegetation
дистанция distance
~ бегства flight distance
индивидуальная ~ individual distance;
удерживать ~ maintain individual distance
дисфункция disfunction
дифференциальный differential
смертность ~ differential mortality
дичь game, wildlife; wild fowl
боровая ~ upland fowl
водоплавающая ~ waterfowl
крупная ~ big game
мелкая ~ small game
пернатая ~ fowl, wild fowl, game birds, feather game
длина length
~ дня day length
~ тела length of the body; всего тела total length (у рептилий) snout-vent value
длительность duration
длительный prolonged, lasting
добыча prey; kill, capture; take (in hunting); поджидать добычу lie in wait for the prey
~ на единицу промыслового усилия catch per unit effort
оставаться с ~ (кормясь на ней) stay with kill
Leopard stayed with a kill for 2-3 days.
доминирование dominance, domination cм.также иерархия социальная, ранг социальный
"Dominance" has in fact been measured in many different ways—in terms of some aspect of agonistic behaviour, in terms of priority of access to an incentive such as food or a mate, or in terms of the part played in some other type of interaction such as social grooming.
запаздывающее ~ delayed dominance
обратимое ~ shifting dominance
Dominance has the nature of an intervening variable.
ступенчатое ~ top dominance
достигать attain, reach
Under such circumstances the Finschs Wheatear shares its living space with the Isabelline Wheatear, although it never attains there numbers and density comparable with those of the latter species, which is an indigenous inhabitant of such arid plains.
The ontogeny of cricket killing in Loggerhead Shrikes requires about three days, at one encounter per day, to reach a stage of proficiency such that capture is almost immediate.
доступ (к ресурсам, половым партнерам) access to resource, access to sex partner
приоритет в ~ priority in access
доступность availability, accessibility
доступный available, accessible
драка fight, fighting
сцепиться в ~ come to grips
Ж
жертва prey, victim
непуганая ~ undisturbed prey animals
жест gesture
просящий ~ begging gesture
жестикулировать gesture, gesticulate
жестколистный sclerophyllous
Sclerophyllous scrub includes maquis and garrigue.
жизненный vital
форма ~ life form см. также образ жизни
жизнеобеспечение life support, life sustenance
жизнеспособность vitality, viability
жизнеспособный viable
жизнестойкий hardy, tough, enduring
жизнь life
внутриутробная ~ antenatal life
внеутробная ~ extrauterine life, postnatal life
продолжительность ~ life duration
ожидаемая продолжительность ~ life expectancy
жить live см. также существовать
З
забота care, caregiving behaviour
~ обоих родителей biparental care
~ о потомстве caregiving behaviour, parental care
материнская ~ maternal care
отцовская ~ male parental care, paternal care
родительская см. родительское поведение
заботиться take care
забрасывать cast, throw; см. покидать, пренебрегать
заброшенный abandoned
зависеть depend (on)
зависимость dependence
взаимная ~ interdependence
зависящий dependent
~ от плотности density dependent
задержать, задерживать hold (напр,. дыхание); см. отсрочивать, препятствовать
задержка delay, arrest; см. сдерживание
заключать в (вставлять, вделывать) embed, imbed
законодательство природоохранное wildlife legislation
правовой контроль legal control
статья закона the new wildlife act has come into force
заложить establish (напр., сад) см. также основывать, устанавливать
запасание hoarding, storing
кладовые cache, larders
место ~ storage location
~ корма, пищи food storing, food caching
запасы resources
возвращение к ~ retrieve stores
запах smell, odor, odour, scent
~ колони colony odour
запечатлевание imprinting см. также импринтинг
~ корма food imprinting
~ места locality imprinting
~ привязанности filial imprinting
~ стимула реакции следования filial imprinting
~ песни song imprinting
обонятельное ~ olfactory imprinting
половое ~ sexual imprinting
заселять populate, occupy, settle, pioneer
затраты expenditure
~ энергии expenditure of energy for
захват seizing см. хватать
~ добычи capture of prey
захват (обхват самки самцами амфибий) amplexus
защищать protect, defend, guard
звук sound см. биоакустика, сигнал звуковой
издавать ~ emit sound, utter sound, produce sound
темп ровторения ~
«зеркальце» (на птичьем крыле) speculum, spot
зимовать winter, overwinter
зимовка wintering, overwintering
в местах ~ on the wintering grounds, in the winter quarters
значение value; significance, meaning, sense
~ переменной variate value
приобретать ~ assume especial importance as (что-либо)
значимый significant
значительный considerable, substantial, sizable
During this circling, the bodys inclination relative to the ground changes from small to considerable and vice versa.
Mulberries Morus make up a considerable proportion of the diet from the end of May onwards.
зона zone, band, belt, range
~ вторичного контакта видов secondary contact zone
~ жизни zone of life
прибрежная ~ coastal zone
приливно-отливная ~ tidal zone, intertidal zone
снеговая ~ niveal zone
степная ~ steppe zone
таёжная ~ taiga zone
тропическая ~ tropical zone
тундровая ~ tundra zone
умеренная ~ temperate zone
умеренно тёплая ~ warm-temperate zone
умеренно холодная ~ cold-temperate zone
зональность zonality, zonation
~ растительности zonality of vegetation
зондирование probing
зрение sight, eyesight, vision
бинокулярное ~ binocular vision
двухцветное ~ dichromatic vision
дневное ~ daylight vision, day sight, day vision, photopic vision
монохромное ~ monochromatic vision
стереоскопическое ~ stereoscopic vision, solid vision
сумеречное ~ twilight vision, mesopic vision
трехцветное ~ trichromatic vision
цветовое ~ color vision, chromatic vision
И
игра play, play behaviour
идентичность identity
идентичный identical
идти go, walk; идёт дождь it is raining, it rains
идти по следу trail, spoor
иерархический hierarchic
иерархия инстинктов instinct hierarchy
иерархия социальная,
~ в социальной группировке (см.) social hierarchy см. также доминирование
Males showing preferences for the same females at high numbers, as well as all males at low numbers organized themselves into absolute social hierarchies that were independent of locality or time. In contrast, all owners organized themselves into relative social hierarchies depending on the locality where the agonistic encounters took place, the neighbourhood of the females as well as the females reproductive state.
аутсайдер outsider
деспотическая ~ despotic dominance hierarchy
доминант dominant individual, high-ranging individual, α-individual
доминантная пара особей dominant pair, α-breeding pair
доминирование social dominance
доминирование территориальное territorial dominance
линейная ~ linear hierarchy
подвижная ~ unstable hierarchy
подчинение submission, subordination
подчинённый subordinate individual
по праву третировать нижестоящих по рангу безнаказно uniderrectional peck-right
по праву третировать нижестоящих по рангу с веротностью ответных действий peck-dominance
«по праву сильнейшего из двух» straight-line peck-order
по принципу треугольника triangle relations, triangles
разветвлённая branching
собственная ~ в каждом поло-возрастном секторе группировки separate hierarchy for each sex-age class
с протекцией родичей nepotistic dominance hierarchy
Maternal rank inheritance by female cercopithecines with nepotistic dominance hierarchies
степень жесткости ~ extent of the social hierarchy rigidity
избегание avoidance, avoidance behaviour, avoidant behaviour; evasion
Striking examples of this avoidance behaviour, which I termed a “mutual avoidance reaction”, were recorded by tracking the animals.
Dispersal is primarily due to the avoidance of occupied or crowded (перенаселенный) ground by potential settlers.
Midway in the 1965-66 season, it became apparent that lions were avoiding close contact with one another.
In this system of parceling (подразделение) living space, avoidance play as important part as attack.
He had made no attempt to challenge the male transient apparently he purposely avoided contact once he became aware (стал осведомлен) of the young male presence.
~ хищника predator evasion
обусловленное см. условно-рефлекторное
условно-рефлекторное ~ conditioned avoidance
избегать avoid,
избежать см. ускользать
избирательность f selective ability, selectivity избирательный a elective, selective
избыток excess
избыточность redundancy
изменчивость variability, variation
~ признака variability of character
внутривидовая ~ intraspecific variation
внутрипопуляционная ~ intrapopulation variation
возрастная ~ age variation, age variability
географическая ~ geographic variation
групповая ~ group variation
дискретная ~ discrete variation
индивидуальная ~ individual variation
епрерывная ~ continuous variation, continuous variability
прерывистая ~ discontinuous variation, discontinuous variability
скрытая ~ cryptic variation, cryptic variability
случайная ~ chance variation
фенотипическая ~ phenotypic variation
экологическая ~ ecological variation
изменчивый variable
изменять change; modify; vary; ( частично) alter
~ состояние render; активировать, активизировать render active
изменяться vary, variate, change
изолят isolate
географический ~ geographic isolate
периферический ~ marginal isolate
изоляции репродуктивной механизмы isolating mechanisms
генетическая genetic isolation
посткопуляторная postmating isolation
прекопуляторная premating isolation
экологическая ecological isolation
этологичесая ethological isolation
изоляция isolation
географическая ~ geographic isolation
пространственная ~spatial isolation, isolation by distance
репродуктивная ~ reproductive isolation
икра пелагическая ~ pelagic eggs
иметь have; также служебный глагол
Having exchanged (русск. деепричастие прош. вр.:см. предисловие) their original forest habitats for open landscapes, the pioneer species proceeded to spread along two main routes. Some of the species have extended their ranges south from African tropical forests into open arid regions of South Africa.
Species of undoubtedly African origin has, by expanding along two different routes – through Iceland and Greenland in the west and across the Bering Strait in the east, penetrated into the New World.
This ancestral species had adapted to living in savannas and steppes, but nevertheless succeeded in colonizing new areas in North Africa, Arabia and the Middle East.
This colonization may have taken place (могла предположительно, иметь место) in the period when suitable habitats for the species became predominant in these regions.
These mutual displays have never been observed to lead to copulation in this species.
иметь дело (обращаться) с чем-нибудь deal
In all the cases discussed we are dealing with so-called allopatric forms whose breeding ranges are not contiguous, but rather situated well apart from each other.
Many non-raptorial birds deal with large food items by beating them vigorously prior to swallowing.
имитация imitation, copying
импринтинг eth imprinting см. также запечетлевание
~ на место рождения place of birth imprintation
пищевой ~ kind of food imprintation
половой ~ sexual imprinting
реакция следования following response
смена ~ imprinting reversal
формирование персональной привязанности development of attachment
формирование привязанности к родичам filial imprinting
чувствительный период ~ sensitive period for imprinting
импульс impulse, pulse
инадаптивный inadaptive, maladaptive
инактивность сезонная dormancy cм. спячка
инактивация inactivation
инбридинг inbreeding
избегание ~ inbreeding avoidance
оптимальный ~ optimal inbreeding (=optimal outbreeding)
потери репродуктивного потенциала как результат ~ inbreeding depression
инстинкт instinct
созревание ~ в онтогенезе maturation
инстинктивный instinctive
интерградация intergradation
вторичная secondary intergradation
первичная primary intergradation
интрогрессия introgression
интродукция introduction
интродуцировать v introduce см. также внедрять
инфантицид infanticide, kainism
испарение
The cold air can carry very little water vapor, even is the relative humidity is high, and the evaporation from the frozen sea is very slight.
испытывать test см. также проверять
исследование полевое survey
These least-known areas remained biologically untouched until our expedition.
All the nearest localities had been surveyed for bird life.
This task involves locating specific areas, or search sites within each survey block for placing and running sign transects.
Once a survey location is identified, delineate possible survey blocks in which sign transects can be located. This task is best accomplished by reviewing topographic maps, and noting the location of areas below 5,000 to 4,500 m in elevation.
I covered much territory on foot for many hours daily excursions.
Some 340 manhours of travelling were devoted to the grasslands and forest edge, and the remainder to various kinds of forest and along the edges of heavily wooded streams.
During the survey made (conducted) by author ...
рекогносцировка reconnoitering (by vehicle), reconnaissance
схема маршрута itinerary
исследовательский exploratory
исследовать research, explore, investigate, examine
источник source
~ изменчивости source of variation
итерация iteration
К
каменоломня quarry
камуфляж camouflage см. криптический
~ как хищническая стратегия ambush behaviour
выбор маскирующего субстрата matching background, crypsis
искажение контура тела contour disguise
неподвижность being motionless
расчленяющая окраска disruptive coloration
скрадывающая противотень counter-shading
кладка clutch, egg mass; см. откладка яиц
величина ~ clutch-size
яйцо в ~, откладываемое предпоследним penultimate egg
классифицировать classify, categorize
клюв bill, beak
крючковатый ~ hooked bill
мандибула upper beak, mandible
максилла lower beak, maxilla
когнитивные функции cognitive functions
замысел intention
концептуализация conceptualization
познавательные способности cogniton
проникновение в психику другой особи theory of mind (mental state of others attribution)
самоосознание self-awareness
когорта cohort
код code
кодекс code
Международный ~ зоологической номенклатуры International code of zoological numenclature
кодирование coding, encoding
количество quantity, amount
обильное ~ copious amounts
колония colony
~ гнездовая птиц ~ breeding colony
~ гнездовая птиц, смешанная mixed colony
~ грачей, пингвинов и морских птиц, гнездящихся на скалах rookery
~ многолетняя (напр., у летучих мышей) ~ perennial colony
~ плотно населё нная dense colony
~ разреженная loose colony
~ муравьев см. община социальных насекомых
периферия ~ periphery of colony
cубколония subcolony
наземных беличьих coterie, ward
тётушка (в яслях см.) aunt
центр ~ centre (center) of colony
эпицентр ~ epicentre of colony
ясли crêche
колония бактерий bacterial clump
колония простейших protozoan colony
кольцевание ringing, banding
~ птиц birdbanding
цветными кольцами color ringing
Most autumn recoveries (повторные находки) of birds ringed throughout Europe are from this area
коммуна commune, communal group см. также кооперативное размножение
группировка из нескольких моногамных пар (у птиц) unit composed of several monogamous pairs
Several unrelated adult pairs build a single communal nest and all females contribute eggs. Incubation and nestling care are shared by all members of the group.
группировка с одной моногамной α-парой dominance-based monogamous unit
дежурный при выводке (у млекопитающих) baby-sitter
общее гнездо (у птиц) communal nest
общее убежище (у млекопитающих) communal den
промискуитетная группировка (у птиц) promiscuous unit
сторож sentinel
коммуникативное поведение communication behaviour
агонистическое см.
брачное courtship behaviour, mating behaviour, rutting behaviour, consort behaviour
демонстрационное ~ display behaviour см. демонстрации
вербальное verbal behaviour
ритуализированное ritualized behaviour
коммуникация communication см. также сигнал, семиотика
~ при посредстве языков-посредников artificial communication
вербальная ~ verbal communication
избыточность в ~ redundancy
невербальная ~ nonverbal communication
процесс ~ communicative process
сигнал cм.
система видоспецифическая species-specific communication system
система ~ закрытая ~ closed communication system
система ~ иску сственная n см. ~ при посредстве языков-посредников
система ~ открытая open communication system
содержание сообщения message meaning
средства ~ means of communication
комплект (complete) set
комфортное поведение comfort behaviour, maintenance activity , body care activities
аллогруминг allogruming
аллопрининг allopreening
купание bathing
пылевых ванн принятие dusting
солнечных ванн (см.) принятие
потягивание stretching
почёсывание scratching
отряхивание shaking
зевание yawning
груминг grooming
прининг preening
компромисс compromise, trade-off
затрат-выигрыша ~ cost-benefit trade-off
The most obvious costs of singing are hunger and predation. Evidence for trade-off between energy demands and singing is quite good. There is also some circumstantial evidence that willow tit males face high predation costs while singing at dawn.
конечность limb
задняя ~ hindlimb
задняя нога hindleg
передняя ~ forelimb
передняя нога foreleg
конкурент competitor
конкурентный competitive
~ взаимоисключения принцип competitive exclusion principle
конкурентоспособность competitive ability
конкуренция competition
~ активностей behavioural final common path
~ за пищу competition for food
~ за полового партнера competition for sex partner, mate selection
~ за пространство competition for space см. рассредоточение особей, территория
~ спермы sperm competition
внутривидовая ~ intraspecific competition
интерференционная ~ intereference competition, encounter competition
межвидовая ~ interspecific competition
эксплуатационная ~ exploitation competition, consumptive competition, amensalism
консумматорное поведение см. фиксированная схема действий
контакт contact
назо-анальный ~ naso-anal contact
назо-назальный ~ naso-nasal contact
социальный ~ social contact
Migrating parties of the Eskimos maintain contact back as far west as the Bering Sea and south to Norton Sound, and even crossed the Bering Strait.
конфликт conflict
~ типа « избегание – избегание» eth avoidance-avoidance conflict
~ типа «приближение – избегание» eth approach-avoidance conflict
~ типа «приближение – приближение» eth approach-approach conflict
~ родителей и потомства socbiol parent-offspring conflict
коооперация cooperation
Both spider species exhibit cooperative web construction, capture and utilization of prey, indiscriminate brood care, and colony permanence.
~ в работе sharing of work
кооперативное размножение m cooperative breeding см. также расселение
вакансия на статус производителя в группе breeding vacancy in group, opening for breeding positions
If the annual production of young in such a habitat is, on the average, higher than the annual mortality rate of breeders, then the best option for nonbreeding individuals would be to stay in the natal territory and wait for openings (e.g. by means of inheriting the territory or part of it).
The few interflock movements were associated with specific openings for breeding positions or were related to the disruption of a flock due to mortality of one or more key members
вакансия на статус производителя за пределами территории группы f attain breeding status (territorial vacancy) via dispersing
Given the low turnover of local ppulation of this species, juveniles can be retained indefinitely in their parents territory, as the option to disperse and search for a territorial vacancy is unlikely to succeed. Thus, for juveniles, the ecological and demographic environment poses a quite restricted dispersal option.
Social limitation may be related to an individuals ability to form alliances to compete successfully with other groups for breeding positions
вид, практикующий кооперативное размножение m cooperative breeder
Florida Scrub Jays, which are habitat-restricted species , exhibit cooperative breeding.
единство группы group cohesion, group cohesiveness
кооперативно размножающаяся группировка f cooperative breeding unit, commune
местообитание насыщенное n saturated habitat
Habitat saturation occurs when all usable habitat in an area is filled with breeding pairs.
местообитание, ограниченное по площади n spatially restricted habitat
Temporally stable, but spatially restricted, habitat of high quality with extensive adjoining areas of marginal habitat. Thus, there was a very low ratio of marginal to optimal habitat.
наследование территории n inheriting territory
неразмножающийся помощник m nonbreeding helper
нерасселение молодняка n diminished dispersal, retention of young (offspring) in natal territory
Many authors suggest that a lack of marginally favorable breeding habitat limits the dispersal possibilities of maturing birds and is therefore important in favoring retention of offspring in the natal territory. However why birds in such environments do not become "floaters" within high quality territories has not yet been adequately examined. Second, the hypothesis does not address the almost universal observation that nondispersers actively assist in the rearing of nestlings, rather than leading relatively independent lives within their natal home range as is the case in many mammals.
низкий оборот состава группы m low turnover of individuals
низкий уровень эмиграции молодняка m restricted juvenile dispersal, diminished dispersal
охрана групповой территории f group cooperation in defending territory
пара особей-производителей f breedin pair, key members of the goup
противодействие иммиграции n group resistance against immigration
Nonbreeders may gain allies from within the natal territory to compete as a group against other non-breeders for territorial vacancies.
устойчивая связь членов ячейки с групповой территорией site fidelity
Most group territories were occupied continuously throughout the study.
копуляция copulation
внебрачная ~ extrapair copulation, cucoldry
корм feed, fodder, food, forage, feedstuff
~ ценность калорийная food conversion ratio
естественный ~ natural forage
злюбленный ~ favorite food
личиночный ~ larval food
подножный ~ pasture, grass, pasture forage
сухой ~ dry food
кормёжка feeding; на кормёжку to feed
кормить feed
кормиться feed
кормление feeding
принудительное ~ force feeding
кормность food capacity
кормовое поведение feeding behaviour
выбор кормовых объектов food selection
запасание см.
кормодобывание см.
объедание побегов, листьев browsing
отрыгивание погадок regurgitation
Wheatears regurgitate indigestible fragments of the swallowed food in the form of a compact pellet.
пастьба grazing
поедание добычи ingesting, eating
A wheatear eats large prey piecemeal; it will roll and drag the captured invertebrate for several minutes on the ground, tearing off one edible part after another. Large beetles, such as representatives of the Tenebrionidae up to 15 mm long, can be swallowed whole by bird after the prey has been dragged against the ground and mashed with the bill for some time.
поиски пищи searching for prey (cм. также поисковое поведение)
разделывание добычи handling of prey, prey handling
While handling very large prey the wheatear hammering it from above with sharp and violent stabs.
фиксация добычи см.
The shrike discovered that a mouse could be pulled into one of these slits and anchored there, so that small bits could be torn off and eaten.
фильтрация filtration
Many marine animals are filter feeders.
Кормовой fodder, forage, feeding, pabular; sterпn
кормовые ресурсы food resources, food supplay
кормодобывание forage, foraging, food obtaining activity
высматривание добычи на ходу dash-and-jab, pause-travel
While using this tactic, the wheatear runs a short distance on the ground after which it pauses briefly. Then it either runs a further short distance to attempt to capture prey spotted while pausing, or moves on to the next lookout.
зависание в воздухе hovering
If suitable perches are absent in the feeding area, the wheatear will try to spot insects from the air, hovering like a Common Kestrel or Kingfisher at a height of 2–3 m or more above the ground.
зондирование почвы excavation
To excavate of invertebrates from the ground the bird will dig at the substrate with downward-pointed bill, striking blows alternately from the left and from the right.
охота hunting, predatory behaviour
It is believed that a common wheatear is the only small song bird above the Arctic Circle, regularly hunting so large and dangerous an insect as a bumble-bee
охота в воздухе catching prey on the wing
Large moving insects spotted up to 30 m away, and caught in bill after shallow direct glide, sometimes with outstretched neck, which may terminate in brief hover before bird drops into vegetation; also drops straight onto prey below perch.
Flying insects taken in rapid, sometimes lengthy, pursuit flight which may start with vertical climb of c. 30 m, prey then deflected off course and seized in quick lunge (рывок) .
In deserts, this mode of hunting is most often used by wheatears in periods when termites swarm and these rather large insects abandon their nest en masse and fly in different directions with their weak and unsteady flight.
подкарауливание sit-and-wait strategy
Most prey located by bird from exposed, though usually low, perch using sit-and-wait strategy.
The wheatear looks for invertebrates while perched on a rock, large boulder, shrub or plant stem. When an insect is spotted crawling over the ground, the bird impetuously flies towards it, sometimes covering a distance of up to 10 m.
склёвывание с травы, веток и листьев ground sallying, foliage sallying
Ater watching for prey while sitting on the ground under a bush, the bird moves into its crown and clambers around there, picking up insects among the branches. In Arabia, these birds` usually employ this hunting tactic in periods of cold and windy weather.
охота в воздухе catching prey on the wing
Large moving insects spotted up to 30 m away, and caught in bill after shallow direct glide, sometimes with outstretched neck, which may terminate in brief hover before bird drops into vegetation; also drops straight onto prey below perch.
Flying insects taken in rapid, sometimes lengthy, pursuit flight which may start with vertical climb of c. 30 m, prey then deflected off course and seized in quick lunge (рывок) .
In deserts, this mode of hunting is most often used by wheatears in periods when termites swarm and these rather large insects abandon their nest en masse and fly in different directions with their weak and unsteady flight.
способы ~ foraging method, foraging mode, foraging tactics
стратегия кормодобывания см.
The feeding mechanism of each species are designated to enable it to feed in the most profitable manner, without undue waste of energy in handling the food, or ingesting food that is not worthwhile.
крайний extreme
~ юг extreme south
криптический cryptic
~ поведение cryptic behaviour
крона crown, krone
плакучая ~ drooping crown
кронирование pruning
крутизна slope, steepness
крутой steep; vigorously boiling
~ берег steep coast, abrupt coast, bluff coast, bold coast
куртина clump, bed, grove, copse, coppice
Vegetation very often forms a continuous mat of dwarf bush heat mixed with shrub and copses of willows and other bushes.
кусать bite, snap
укусить за (ногу) bite on (leg)
кусаться bite
куст bush, shrub
кустарник bush, shrub, shrubbery, frutex
clumps of bushes and scattered trees
woody shrubs
shrub along highways and round
Higher shrubs occured mainly in single groups standing amid open space
shrubs interpersed with impenetrable jungles
The stratum of low shrubs occured mainly in the marginal zones of patches of higher vegetation, but also in more open spaces as single bushes or as small patches. On cerrtain sites, however, it occured under the shelter of higher strata insside the bush, or forest-like vegetation.
гаррига garrigue
древовидный arbuscle
маккия maquis
cклерофильный ~ sclerophyllous scrub
кустарниковый frutescent, fruticose, shrubby
кустарничек dwarf shrub, low shrub, undershrub
Л
лазать climb, clamber
ландшафт landscape, range, terrains
consider the region from a general point of view
range comprise mainly flat to rolling terrains in valley bottoms except open pastures
wilderness (дикая местность) is extremely rugged (пересеченный, труднопроходимый) in its entirity(в целом); unpopulated expanses (пространства) of wilderness still exist beyond (its) boundary
diverse stony landscapes stretching from the foot of mountains to their alpine zones
Wild, rocky areas in semi-desert, slopes, ravines and wadis with scattered often thorny dry bushes, can approach agriculture.
Area desolate, stony stretches with scattered boulders and more seldom fallow fields (осыпи) at the border of small cultivated fields.
(the area) offer extraordinary conditions for living beings
The study was made in southern Spain, an area of deep canyones and ravines with eroded slopes, which cut into high plateaux (1000 m) covered by sparse vegetation and agrjcultural crops. Annual precipitation in area is very low (310 mm), and temperatures vary widely throughout the year, from freezing during the long winters to maxima above 40°C during the hot, dry summer.
bare fields, wastelands and wadis in open or lightly wooded arid country
Structure of habitat is made up by components which are locally available in both the biotic and abiotic environment.
антропогенный ~ anthropogenous landscape
городской ~ urban landscape
легкость (нетрудность) ease, easiness
Such biasing has no doubt occurred due to the ease with which bird sexual traits, such as colour, can be quantified for many species.
лёд ice
The coasts are ice-free for varying periods, which are always much longer than in the high-arctic region.
Protected bays and fiords is ice-covered even into the beginning of summer, but open coasts in many areas are ice-free during the entire winter.
From the enormous dome-shaped icecap of Greenland the ice forces its way to the coast, where it forms large glaciers.
ледник glacier; ice room
The Greenland icecap covers the whole interior of the country, leaving only a narrow fringe of ice-free land, at most about 185 miles wide, along the seacosts. The total area of the Greenland icecap is 728,000 square miles, and the greatest thickness, found west of Scoresby Sound, is about 6500 feet, resting on mountains more than 3,250 feet high.
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