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UDC 782.11
INFORMAL COOPERATIVE LEARNING
Pernebek B.N. – student group YUM 21-1k9
Eshmuratova A.T. – master, teacher
Informal cooperative learning consists of having students work together to achieve a joint learning goal in temporary, ad-
hoc groups that last from a few minutes to
one class period, 2008). During a lecture, demonstration, or film, informal
cooperative learning can be used to focus student attention on the material to be learned, set a mood conducive to
learning, help
set expectations as to what will be
covered in a class session, ensure that students cognitively process and rehearse the material
being taught, summarize what was learned and precue the next session, and provide closure to an instructional session. The
teacher’s role for using informal cooperative learning to keep students more actively engaged intellectually entails having
focused discussions before and after the lesson (i.e., bookends) and interspersing pair discussions throughout the lesson. Two
important aspects of using informal cooperative learning groups are to make the task and the instructions explicit and precise and
require the groups to produce a specific product (such as a written answer). The procedure is as follows.
1. Introductory Focused Discussion: Teachers assign students to pairs or triads and explain the task of answering the
questions in a four to five minute time period and the positive goal interdependence of reaching consensus. The discussion task
is aimed at promoting advance organizing of what the students know about the topic to be presented and establishing
expectations about what the lecture will cover. Individual accountability is ensured by the small size of the group.
A basic
interaction pattern of eliciting oral rehearsal, higher-level reasoning, and consensus building is required [4].
2. Intermittent Focused Discussions: Teachers divide the lecture into 10 to 15 minute segments. This is about the length
of time a motivated adult can concentrate on information being presented. After each segment, students are asked to turn to the
person next to them and work cooperatively in answering a question (specific enough so that students can
answer it in about three
minutes) that requires students to cognitively process the material just presented. The procedure is:
a. Each student formulates his or her answer.
b. Students share their answer with their partner.
c. Students listen carefully to their partner’s answer.
d. The pairs create a new answer that is superior to each member’s initial formulation by integrating the two answers,
building on each other’s thoughts, and synthesizing.
The question may require students to:
a. Summarize the material just presented.
b. Give a reaction to the theory, concepts, or information presented.
c. Predict what is going to be presented next; hypothesize.
d. Solve a problem.
e. Relate material to past learning and integrate it into conceptual frameworks.
f. Resolve conceptual conflict created by presentation.
Teachers should ensure that students are seeking to reach an agreement on the answers to the questions (i.e., ensure
positive goal interdependence is established), not just share their ideas with each other. Randomly choose two or three students
to give 30 second summaries of their discussions. Such individual accountabilityensures that the pairs take the tasks seriously
and check each other to ensure that both are prepared to answer. Periodically, the teacher should structure a discussion of how
effectively the pairs are working together (i.e., group processing). Group celebrations add reward interdependence to the pairs.
3. Closure Focused Discussion: Teachers give students an ending discussion task lasting four to five minutes.
The task
requires students to summarize what they have learned from the lecture and integrate it into existing conceptual frameworks. The
task may also point students toward what the homework will cover or what will be presented in the next class session. This
provides closure to the lecture [1].
Informal cooperative learning ensures students are actively involved in understanding what is being presented. It also
provides time for teachers to move around the class listening to what students are saying. Listening to student discussions can
give instructors direction and insight into how well students understand the concepts and material being as well as increase the
individual accountability of participating in the discussions.
Informal cooperative learning incorporates group learning with passive teaching by drawing attention to material through
small groups throughout the lesson or by discussion
at the end of a lesson, and typically involves groups of two e.g. turn-to-your-
partner discussions. These groups are often temporary and can change from lesson to lesson very much unlike formal learning
where 2 students may be lab partners throughout the entire semester contributing to one another’s knowledge of science.
Discussions typically have four components that include formulating a response to questions asked by the educator,
sharing responses to the questions asked with a partner, listening to a partner’s responses to the same question, and creating a
new well-developed answer. This type of learning enables the student to process, consolidate, and retain more information [1].
In group-based cooperative learning, these peer groups gather together over the long term e.g. over the course of a year,
or several years such as in high school or post-secondary studies to develop and contribute to one another’s knowledge mastery
on a topic by regularly discussing material, encouraging one another, and supporting the academic and personal success of group
members.
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