Инкер Стивен Язык как инстинкт

250-251. Французский, выученный в утробе: Mehieretal. 1988.

250-251. Младенцы учат фонемы: Kuhl et al. 1992.

251-252. Лепет: Locke 1992; Petitto & Marentette 1991.

252-253. Лепечущие роботы: Jordan & Rosenbaum 1989.

252-253. Первые слова: Clark 1993; Ingram 1989.

253-254. Обнаружение границы слов: Peters 1983. Примеры речи детей взяты из семейных

воспоминаний Пнтерсов, журнал Life, и у библиотекаря МТИ, Pat Claffey. Пример

из Hill Street Blues взят у Mark Aronoff. 254-256. Первые словосочетания: Braine 1976; Brown 1973; Pinker 1984; Ingram 1989. 254-256. Понимание у младенцев: Hirsh-Pasek & Golinkoff 1991. 254-256. Информация на входе и выходе у детей: Brown 1973. Р. 205. 256-257. Языковой взрыв: Ingram 1989. Р. 235; Brown 1973; Limber 1973; Pinker 1984; Bickerton

1992. 256-257. Адам и Ева: Brown 1973; MacWhinney 1991. 258-259. Дети избегают соблазна сделать ошибку: Stromswold 1990. 259-260. Усвоение языка у разных народов мира: Slobin 1985, 1992. 260-261. Alligator goed kerplunk: Marcus, Pinker, Ullman, Hollander, Rosen, & Xu 1992. 261-263. Don't giggle me: Bowerman 1982; Pinker 1989. 264-265. Дети-маугли: Tamer 1986; Curtiss 1989; Rymer 1993.

265. Тербер и Уайт: из «Is Sex Necessary?» Пример из Donald Symons.

265. Язык из телевизора: Ervin-Tripp 1973. Понимание материнского языка по ключевым

словам: Slobin 1977. Дети как чтецы мыслей: Pinker 1979, 1984. 265. Материнский язык: Newport, et al. 1977; Fernald 1992. 265-266. Немой ребенок: Stromswold 1994. 266-267. Нет ответной реакции от родителей: Brown & Hanlon 1970; Braine 1971; Morgan &

1980; Osherson, Stob, & Weinstein 1985; Berwick 1985; Marcus et al. 1992. 269-270. Период усвоения языка подходит к концу: Pinker 1979, 1984; Wexler & Culicover

1980. 274-275. Срок беременности у людей и приматов: Corballis 1991. 274-275. Рост мозга и развитие языка: Bates, Thai, & Janowsky 1992; Locke 1992; Huttenlocher

1990. 275-276. Язык детей в эволюции: Williams 1966. 276-277. Языковое и моторное развитие: Lenneberg 1967. 276-277. Изучение иностранных языков: Hakuta 1986; Grosjean 1982; Bley-Vroman 1990;

1990; Newport 1990; Long 1990. 277-278. Критические периоды для усвоения первого языка: Глухой: Newport 1990. Джини:

417

283. Статья в Ассошиэйтед пресс: 11 февраля, 1992. Кллпатрик: Universal Press Syndicate,

28 февраля, 1992. Бомбек: 5 марта, 1992. 284-285. Брока: Caplan 1987. Язык расположен слева: Caplan 1987, 1992; Corballis 1991;

Geschwind 1979; Geschwind & Galaburda 1987; Gazzaniga 1983. 285-286. Язык в левом полушарии и псалмы: пример из Майкла Корбалиса. 286-287. Язык влияет на сигнал, поступающий от электродов в черепе: Neville et al. 1991;

Kluender & Kutas 1993. 286-287. Язык расцвечивает мозг: Wallesch et al. 1985; Peterson et al. 1988, 1990; Mazoyer et

al. 1992; Zalorre et al. 1992; Poeppel 1993. 286-287. Язык, а не напоминающие его реакции на раздражение — слева: Gardner 1974;

Etcoff 1986. Язык жестов — слева, жестикуляция — справа: Poizner Klima, & Bellugi

1990; Carina, Void, & Bellugi 1992. 287-288. Двустороння симметрия: Corballis 1991. Симметрия сексуальна: Cronin 1992. 288-289. Перекрученные хордовые: Kinsbourne 1978. Анатомия улитки: Buchsbaum 1948. 290-291. Асимметричные животные: Corballis 1991.

290-291. Асимметричный мозг: Corballis 1991; Kosslyn 1987; Gazzaniga 1978, 1989. 291-292. Левши: Corballis 1991; Coren 1992. Анализ предложения родственниками левшей:

Bever et al. 1989. 292. Околосильвиева область коры как языковой орган: Caplan 1987; Gazzaniga 1989. 292. Афазия у Питера Хогана: Goodglass 1973. 292-293. Афазия Брока: Caplan 1987, 1992; Gardner 1974; Zurif 1989. 293-294. МРО и ТПЭ обнаруживают язык в левой передней части околосильвиевой области:

Kluender & Kutas 1993; Neville et al. 1991; Mazoyer et al. 1992; Wallesch et al. 1985;

Stromswold, Caplan, & Alpert 1993. 293-294. Анатомия афазии Брока: Caplan 1987; Dronkers et al. 1992. Болезнь Паркинсона и

язык: Lieberman et al. 1992. Нелады с грамматикой у перенесших афазию Брока:

1992. 295-296. Аномия: Gardner 1974; Caplan 1987. Человек без существительных: Baynes & hen

1991. 296-297. Слова и ЭЭГ: Neville et al. 1991. Слова и ТПЭ: Peterson et al. 1990; Poeppel 1993. 297-298. Различные виды афазии у различных людей: Caplan 1987, 1992; Miceli et al.

1989. Потеря деривационной морфологии при сохранении словоизменительной

морфологии: Miceli & Caramazza 1988. 298-299. Банананомия: Warrington & McCarthy 1987; Wilis & Caramazza 1991; Hart, Berndt, &

Caramazza 1985; Farah 1990. 298-299. Аномалии и вариации в локализации языка: Caplan 1987; Basso et al. 1985; Bates,

Thai, & Janowsky 1992. 299-300. Области зрения: Hubel 1988. Неврология: Gazzaniga 1992; см. также специальный

выпуск Scientific American по теме «Разум и мозг», сентябрь 1992. 299-300. Стимуляция четко очерченных, но варьирующихся языковых точек: Ojemann &

1986. 302-303. Образование языка в нейронных сетях; McClelland & Rumelhart 1986; Pinker & Prince

1988; Pinker & Mehler 1988. 303-304. Развитие нейронов: Rakic 1988; Shatz 1992; Dodd & Jessell 1988; von der Malsburg &

Singer 1988. 305-306. Трансгенная свинья: Brian Duffy, North America Syndicate.

418

305-306. Генетика заикания и дислексия: Ludlow & Cooper 1983. Генетика специфического нарушения речи: Gopnik & Crago 1991; Gopnik 1993; Stromswold 1994. Ошибки произношения у близнецов: Locke & Mather 1989. Грамматика у близнецов: Mather & Black 1984; Munsinger & Douglas 1976; Fahey, Kamitomo, & Cornell 1978; Bishop, North, & Donlan 1993; Развитие языка у усыновленных детей: Hardy-Brown, Plomin, & DeFries 1981.

306-307. Три поколения с СНР: Gopnik 1990a, 1990b, 1993; Gopnik & Crago 1991.

309-310. Универсальная человеческая природа и индивидуальная уникальность: ТооЬу & Cosmides 1990a.

310—311. Разлученные при рождении: Holden 1987; Lykken etal. 1992.

311-312. Генетика поведения: Bouchard et ol. 1990; Lykken et al, 1992; Plomin 1990.

312-313. Язык Буша: The Editors of The New Republic 1992. Язык Куэйла: Goldsman 1992.

313-314. Языковые гении: Йоги Берра, из Safire 1991; Lederer 1987. Др. Зюс (Теодор Гейзел), «Вне зебры» («On Beyond Zebra» 1955). Набоков, «Лолита» 1958. Кинг, «Марш на Вашингтон» («The march on Washington» 1963). Шекспир, «Гамлет» акт 2, сцена 2.

315. Слоны: Williams 1989; Carrington 1958. 315-316. Дарвин объясняет языковой инстинкт: Pinker & Bloom 1990; Pinker 1995; Hurford

1989, 1991; Newmeyer 1991; Brandon & Homstein 1986; Corballis 1991. 316-317. Коммуникация у животных: Wilson 1972; Gould and Marler 1987. 316-317. Неязыковая коммуникация и мозг: Deacon 1988, 1989; Caplan 1987; Myers 1976;

Robinson 1976. 317-318. Гуа и Вики: Tartter 1986.

317-318. Сара: Premack & Premack 1972; Premack 1985. Кензи: Savage-Rumbaugh 1991; Greenfield & Savage-Rumbaugh 1991. Вэшу: Gardner & Gardner 1969, 1974. Коко: Patterson

1978. Cm. Wallman 1992, где представлен общий обзор. 318-319. Приятные ребята в животном царстве: Sagan & Druyan 1992. Цитата принадлежит

эксперту журнала Parade, 20 сентября, 1992. 319-320. Ним: Terrace 1979; Terrace et al. 1979. Разоблачители языка обезьян: Terrace et al.

1979; Seidenberg & Petitto 1979; Petitto & Seidenber 1979; Seidenberg 1986; Seidenberg &

Petitto 1987; Petitto 1988; См. Wallman 1992, где представлен общий обзор. Угроза

судебного преследования!: Wallman 1992. Р. 5. 319-320. Глухой наблюдает шимпанзе: Neisser 1983. Р. 214-216. 320-321. Неподчинение организмов: Breland & Breland 1961. 324-325. Бейтс о Большом взрыве: Bates, Thai, & Marchman 1991. P. 30, 35. 325-327. Цепочки, лестницы и кусты в эволюции: Мауг 1982; Dawkins 1986; Gould 1985. 329-330. Двуногое животное: пример из Wallman 1992. 331-332. Печень логически невозможна: Lieberman 1990. Р. 741-742. 331-332. Новые модули в эволюции: Мауг 1982.

332-333. Область Брока у обезьян: Deacon 1988, 1989; Galaburda & Pandya 1982. 333-334. ДНКу людей и шимпанзе: King& Wilson 1975; Miyamoto, Slightom, & Goodman 1987. 334-335. Бау-вау, динг-донг, жесты и другие теории переходного языка: Hamad, Steklis, &

Lancaster 1976. 334-335. Датировка происхождения языка: Pinker 1992, 1995; Bickerton 1990. Эволюция

современного человека: Stringer & Andrews 1988; Stringer 1990; Gibbons 1993. 336-337. Опускание гортани и речь неандертальцев: Lieberman 1984. Неандертальцы: Gibbons

1992. Прием Геймлиха: Parade, 28 июня, 1992. 337-338. Хомский сомневается в естественном отборе: Chomsky 1972. Р. 97-98; Chomsky 1988.

Р. 167. 338. Логика естественного отбора: Darwin 1859/1964; Williams 1966, 1992; Мауг 1983;

419

343-344. Хомский о физике мозга: в Pialelli-Polmarini 1980

344-345. Язык у карликов: Lenneberg 1967. Язык у нормальных гидроцефалов: Lev/in 1980.

Нормальный мозг и аналитические процессы при СНР: Gopnik 1990. 345-346. Бросающая мадонна: Calvin 1991.

346-347. Снятие покрова тайны с эволюции языка: Pinker & Bloom 1990. 346-347. Бейтс о трех четвертях правила: Bates, Thai, & Marchman 1991. P. 31. 347. Бикертон о протоязыке и Большом взрыве: Bickerton 1990; Pinker 1992. 347. Премак об охотниках за мамонтами: Ргетаск 1985. Р. 281-282. 347-349. Преимущества сложно организованного языка: Burling 1986. Когнитивная гонка вооружений: Cosmides & Tooby 1992. Сплетня: Barkow 1992. Некоторые абзацы в этой части основаны на Pinker & Bloom 1990. 350. Наследственность и изменчивость: Tooby & Cosmides 1989.

12. Языковые мавены

353-354. О языковых мавенах: Bolinger 1980; Bryson 1990; Lakoff 1990.

353-354. История прескриптивной грамматики: Bryson 1990; Crystal 1987; Lakoff 1990;

McCrum, Cran, & MacNeil 1986; Nunberg 1992.

355-356. Формы Write, wrote; bite, bole. Lederer 1990. P. 117.

358-359. Форма Everyone and their brother: электронный бюллетень LINGUIST, 9 октября,

1991.

361-362. Формы «Fly out» и «Sally Ride»: Kirn, Pinker, Prince, & Prasada 1991; Kim, Marcus,

362-363. Бернштейн о форме «broadcasted»: Bernstein 1977. P, 81.

364-365. Смотрители слов: Quine 1987; Thomas 1990.

364-365. «Глоуб» о фразеологизме «get your goat»: 23 декабря, 1992.

365. Форма «lake it on the lam»: Alien 1983.

365-366. Плохая грамматика ведет к насилию: Bolinger 1980. P. 4-6.

365-366. Обличитель плохой грамматики: Simon 1980. Р. 97, 165-166.

366-367. Сумасшедший английский: Lederer 1990. Р. 15-21.

367-368. Языковое фиглярство: Lederer 1987. Р. 114-117.

367-368. Стилистические ляпы: Lederer 1987; Brunvand 1989.

368-369. Городские легенды и ксерокслор: Brunvand 1989.

368-369. Мавены-мудрецы: Bernstein 1977; Saflre 1991.

370-371. Расшифровки детского языка: MacWhinney 1991.

371-372. Формы «Me and Jennifer/Between you and I»: Emonds 1986.

372-374. Формы «Low-lifes, cut-throats, ne'er-do-wells» и другие сложные слова, пользующиеся

дурной славой: Quirk et al. 1985.

376-377. Барзун о частях речи: процитировано в Bolinger 1980. Р. 169.

377-378. Прилагательные, образованные от причастий: Bresnan 1982.

385. Язык как окно в природу человека: Rymer 1993. 385-386. Понимание предложений, относительность и и моторые лодки из стекловолокна:

1985; Chorover 1979; см. Degler 1991. 386-387. Воспитание представителей любого пола: Mead 1935. Обучение дюжины детей:

1979,1992; Sperber 1985, 1994; Tooby Cosmides 1990, 1992; Jackendoff 1987, 1992;

420

Примечания

Gazzaniga 1992; Keil 1989; Gallistel 1990; Cosmldes & Tooby 1987; Shepard 1987; Rozin

& Schull 1988; См. также Konner 1982; Barkow Cosmldes, & Tooby 1992 и Hirschfeld &

Gelman 1994. 392. Торговцы удивительным: Geertz 1984. 392-393. M. Мид на Самоа: Freeman 1983. 393-394. Антропологи плавают в метакультуре: Brown 1991; Sperber 1982; Tooby & Cosmldes

1992. P. 92. 393-394. Универсальные люди: Brown 1991.

397. Критика понятия «сходство»: Goodman 1972. Р. 445. 397-398. Внутреннее пространство сходства: Quine 1969. 398-399. Искусственные обучающиеся системы: Pinker 1979, 1989; Pinker & Prince 1988;

Prasada & Pinker 1993. 399-400. Модули мозга: Chomsky 1975, 1980b, 1988; Л/а/г 1982; Tooby & Cosmides 1992;

Jackendqff 1992; Sperier 1982. Иную концепцию см. в Fodor 1983, 1985.

401. Биологическая эрудиция охотников и собирателей: Konner 1982; Kaplan 1992.

402. Народная биологическая таксономия: Berlin, Breedlove & Raven 1973; Alran 1987, 1990.

403. Мозговитый младенец: Spelke et al. 1992; Winn 1992; F/ove//, ЛЛ//ег & Miller 1993.

404. Еноты становятся скунсами: Keil 1989.

404-405. Фламинго, дрозды и летучие мыши: Gelman & Markman 1987.

405. Цветок непрост: Kaplan 1992; см. также Orians & Heerwagen 1992.

405-406. Народная биология становится научной: Carey 1985; Keil 1989; Л/гая 1990. Аналогия и метафора в математике и физике: Gentner & Jeztorski 1989; Lakqff 1987. Стимуляция наших ментальных модулей: 7Ъойу & Cosmides 1990b; Barkow 1992.

407. Врожденное и приобретенное: Tooby & Cosmides 1990a, 1992.

408. Универсальная человеческая природа и уникальные индивидуальности: Tooby & Cosmides 1990a, 1992.

408-409. Различия между полами в психологии пола: Symons 1979, 1980, 1992; Daly & Wilson 1988; Wilson & До/у 1992.

409. Раса как иллюзия: Bodmer & Cavalli-Sforza 1970; Gould 1977; Lewontin, Rose & Kamin 1984; Lewontin 1982; 7oo6j> & Cosmides 1990a.

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