CONVEYING THE NAMES OF COMPANIES, CORPORATIONS, FIRMS

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Several titles of foreign newspapers and journals may also be translated into English. Among them are the following: «Новое время» the Russian New Times English language journal; «Красная звезда» The Russian Army paper The Red Star (in Russia's English press, however, only Krasnaya Zvesda); «Полярная звезда» the Decembrists journal The Pole Star; but «Женьмінь-жібао» the Chinese Commu­nist/ Beijing People's Daily.

7. Translation of the names of streets, avenues and squares is predetermined by several factors. Alongside the established tradition, the most important of these factors is the meaning of the component parts making up the name. When used in contextul environment, the names of streets, avenues, roads, and squares may often be simply transcribed or transliterated, since the nouns «street», «avenue», «road» or «square» are familiar to many Ukrainians: Dean Street Дін-Стріт; Milton Street/Oxford Street Мільтон Стріт/Оксфорд-Стріт; Wall Street/Fleet Street Волл-Стріт/Фліт-Стріт; Farringdon Road Фаррінґдон-Роуд.

When used out of context, however, the names of streets, av­enues and roads require in Ukrainian an additional explanatory noun вулиця (бульвар, провулок): Midland Park Road вул. Мідланд-парк роуд; Narrow Lane вул. (пров.) Нерроу-лейн; Portobello Road вул. Портобелло-Роуд; Threadneedle Street вул. Треднідл-Стріт (центр Сіті), but Wall Street Вол-Стріт.

The streets (avenues) with numbers instead of the proper names always have the number translated and not given in figures: Sixth/ Seventh Street Шоста/Сьома вулиця (Нью-Йорк); First (Third, Ninth) Avenue Перша (Третя, Дев'ята) авеню. The names of streets with no appositional «street/avenue» nouns in English must be added вулиця in Ukrainian translation: Cheyne Walk вул. Чейні-вок (у районі Челсі); the Mall/Pall Mall вул. Мел/Пел Мел (у центрі

Лондона); Unwin Place/Portland Place вул. Анвін-Плейс/вул. Портленд-Плейс.

Ukrainian names of streets (roads, avenues) are translated ac­cording to the common rule, the proper name being transliterated (rarely transcribed) and the explaining common noun вулиця, бульвар, провулок is translated: Андріївська/Польова вулиця Andriivska/ Polyova Street; бульвар Лесі Українки/Шевченка Lesya Ukrainka/ Shevchenko Avenue. In recent years, however, especially in the local English press more and more often our вулиця, бульвар, etc. are transliterated in English: vulyts'a/vulytsia Kostel'na, vulytsia Bohdana Khmelnyts'koho, ploshcha Peremohy, ploshchaTolstoho, but майдан Незалежності Maidan Nezalezhnosti, etc.

When the noun вулиця, бульвар, провулок is not used in Ukrai­nian, it should naturally be added in the English translation: Андріївський Узвіз Andriivskyi Uzviz Road/vulytsia; Лиса Гора/Ярославів Вал Lysa Hora/Yaroslaviv Val Street/vulytsia; Нижній/Верхній Вал Nyzhniy/ Verkhniy Val Street (Road) or vulytsia.

The names of streets and squares given in honour of social, political or historical events/personalities, along with the names formed from regular common nouns, qualitative or relative adjectives, are mostly translated. This way of translating is especially common in written language when it is not connected directly with oral communication: бульвар Дружби народів The Friendship of Nations (Peoples' Friend­ship) Avenue/Boulevard; вулиця Верховної Ради/Грушевського Verkhovna Rada/Hrushevs'koho Street/vulytsia (in English newspa­pers published in Ukraine).

The names of English squares are also mostly transcribed and explicated (by adding площа) whether the noun «square» is men­tioned or not: Clerkenwell Green/Percy Circus пл. Кларкенвел-Ґрін/ Персі-серкус; Elephant and Castle пл. Елефантенд Касл; Grosvenor Square (Hanover Square) пл. Ґросвенор-Сквер (Геновер-Сквер).

Some names of squares may be either transcribed/transliter-;ited or translated from the English language as well: Parliament Square пл. Парлемент-Сквер/ Парламентська площа; Trafalgar Square пл. Трафальґар-Сквер/Трафальґарська площа; George Washington Square пл. Джорджа Вашингтона/Майдан Джорджа Вашинґтона.

Names of Ukrainian squares are rendered in a similar way though they are more often translated into English. It happens when the name of the square originates from a common noun or is a stable word-combination denoting some historical or revolutionary event: площа

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Sometimes in oral and written practice both transliteration or transcription as well as regular translation may be employed. This becomes inevitable when the name of the square/street originates from a common noun or when it is necessary to avoid some misun­derstanding. Besides, there may arise a need to clarify the lexical meaning of a proper name (or a component part of it) in the target language: пл. Перемоги (Київ) Peremohy (Victory) Square/Ploshcha; пл. Возз'єднання (Київ) Vozyednannya (Reunification) Square/ Ploshcha; Музейний провулок Muzeinyi Provulok (by-street).

Certainly of interest for our students may be the rule of translat­ing such peculiar notions as житловий масив and адміністративний район in a city. Thus, Васильківський/Яготинський район is Vasyl'kivs'kyi/Yahotyns'kyi district/rayon, Шевченківський район м.Києва is Shevchenkivs'kyi district of Kyiv. Any житловий район in any city is always a residential area: (the) Syrets/Nyvky residential area in Kyiv Shevchenkivs'kyi district, the Oleksiyivka residential area in Kharkiv, the Kharkivs'kyi Masyv residential area (in Kyiv).

8. Names of public bodies, however, are mostly translated. These include political parties, trade unions, national and international bod­ies of different rank and functions: the British Conservative party консервативна партія Великої Британії; the Democratic (Republi­can) party демократична (республіканська) партія, the Labour (Lib­eral) party лейбористська (ліберальна) партія; Християнсько-демократична партія України the Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine or the Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party/Ukrainian Chris­tian Democrats; українська селянська партія the Ukrainian Farmer's Party, спортивне товариство «Динамо» Dynamo sports society, Асоціація легкоатлетів України Ukrainian Light Athletics Associa­tion. Similarly treated are also various names of English/American trade unions which may sometimes go under the names «associa­tion», «society», «organization», «brotherhood» or simply «union», which should always be translated as профспілка: the AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labour - Congress of Industrial Organiza­tions) АФП-КВП (Американська Федерація Праці - Конгрес Виробничих Профспілок); Amalgamated Union of Engineering Work­ers об'єднана профспілка робітників машинобудівної промисловості

Великої Британії; British Transport and General Workers Union профспілка робітників транспорту і некваліфікованих працівників Великої Британії; United Mine Workers Association/United Miners об'єднана профспілка шахтарів (США).

Some trade unions of the USA are amalgamated with those of Canada. This is always indicated by the word «International» which should not erroneously be taken for міжнародний/міжнародна and consequently has to be translated as об'єднана профспілка США і Канади: International Ladies Garment Workers Об'єднана профспілка робітників по пошиттю жіночого верхнього одягу США і Канади: International Longshoremen Association об'єднана профспілка портових вантажників (докерів) США і Канади.

Names of Ukrainian trade unions are translated in the same way as the English (or American) ones. They may also be rendered in their full official wording or somewhat shortened (without using the words «trade union»): профспілка робітників гірничорудної промисловості України Ukrainian Mine Workers Union or Ukrainian Miners; профспілка машинобудівників України Ukrainian Engineer-юд Workers Union/ Ukrainian Engineers; профспілка працівників освіти, вищої школи і наукових установ Ukrainian Public Educa­tion, Higher School and Scientific Institutions Workers (Trade) Union. Similarly translated are also names of international organizations as International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.) Міжнародний Валютний Фонд; ЄЕС (European Economic Council) Економічна Рада Європи (Рада Європи); Дніпровський Центр українсько-польських культурних, наукових і ділових зв'язків The Dnieper area Center for Ukrainian and Polish Cultural, Scientific and Business Relations, etc.

9. Special attention should be paid to the translation of the names of institutions, enterprises, geographical objects, etc., bear­ing honorary names. In English the honorary name precedes the en­terprise/body which bears it, whereas in Ukrainian/Russian it always follows the name of the enterprise/body: Humboldt State College Державний коледж ім. Гумбольдта; George Washington Library Бібліотека ім. Джорджа Вашинґтона; Lafayette/Longfellow College Коледж ім. Лафаєтта/Лонгфеллло; but: Cape Kennedy/Vandenberg мис Кеннеді/Ванденберґа, бібліотека ім. Котляревського the Kotlyarevskyi library; Національна бібліотека України ім. академіка Вернадського Ukrainian Academician Vernadskyi National Library.

Note. Names of literary and scientific/peace prizes are mainly translated in two ways - with the preservation of the name which the


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English honorary names, therefore, are mostly transformed into relative adjectives in Ukrainian, whereas Ukrainian relative adjectives must be translated, where possible, as corresponding English nouns. This rule should also be observed when translating the names which contain the often used adjective державний. The latter, however, may sometimes be omitted in English, which should not be treated as a translator's mistake. The thing is that belonging of important institu­tions to state property in all countries is considered self-evident. As a result, two faithful translations of this kind of names are possible: Київська державна кіностудія ім. О .Довженка, Kyiv State Dovzhenko Film Studio, 2. the Kyiv Dovzhenko Film Studio; Львівський державний університет ім. Івана Франка. 1. Lviv I.Franko State Uni­versity, 2. Lviv I.Franko University or: 1. Kyiv State Taras Schevchenko National University 2. Kyiv Taras Schevchenko National University.

The honorary names originating from common nouns or from those denoting historical/revolutionary events may be conveyed in two ways: 1) translated only or 2) transliterated/transcribed and explicated in brackets at the same time. Especially often this kind of names were used in Soviet times. Cf. Дзвонковецький колгосп «Смерть капіталізму»/«Тихе життя» (Корнійчук) the Dzvonkove Smert' Capitalizmu (Death to capitallizm /Tykhe Zhyttia (Quiet Life) collec­tive farm; Львівська фірма кондитерських виробів «Світоч» Lviv Svitoch (Torchlight) Confectionery Firm. Some names of our institu­tions which have recently changed their official status may be used with the definite article in the English translated variant¹: Горлівський державний педагогічний інститут іноземних мов The Horlivka For­eign Languages Teachers' Training Institute (now University); Київський медичний університет ім. Богомольця Kyiv Bohomolets Medical Uni­versity; Музична школа ім. М.Лисенка The M.Lysenko Musical School. It should be emphasized that the NNN-.NNNN-, etc. asyndetic word-groups are preferred in newspaper style whereas in spoken lan­guage or in belles-lettres works prepositional phrases are used to

' See: Povey J., Walshs I. An English Teacher's Handbook of Educational Terms. 2nd Rev. Ed. - M.: Vyssaja Skola, 1982.

convey such and the like names of institutions: колишній Києво-Святошинський радгосп «Шляхом перемог» (the) former Kyiv Svyatoshyn Shlyakhom Peremoh (On the Road to Victories) state farm (newspaper style), but (the) Shlyakhom Peremoh (On the Road to Vic­tories) state farm in Kyiv Svyatoshyn district (spoken English or belles-lettres style). When translating such and the like often used today complicated names of different institutions, the student should strictly stick to the rule: in English the honorary name, functioning as a relative adjective, follows the place name substituting the Ukrainian possessive and relative adjective formed from the place name. For example: Київський державний педагогічний університет імені МДрагоманова Kyiv State M.Drahomanov Teachers Training University.

Similarly translated are also names of newly formed on the basis of former collective/state farms enterprises. Cf. Семенівське КСП (колективне сільськогосподарське підприємство) Semenivs'ke Cooperative Agricultural Enterprise; Рідкодубське приватне с/г Товариство The Ridkodub Private Farmers' Association/Joint Stock Agricultural Association, etc.

Any other approach to translation of such and the like word-group structures, including the descriptive translation, which is some­times employed by inexperienced translators, will be stylistically in­compatible and therefore wrong. Care should be taken to avoid the stylistically unjustified expression «the named after» which is to be used only in explanatory versions, as in the sentence «After Ukraine's gaining independence many state institutions were named after our most prominent patriots Hrushevskyi, Vynnychenko, The Heroes of Kruty, Petlyura, and many others.» Hence, the Lviv V.Stefanyk library, the Symyrenko Horticultural Research Centre and never «the named after» Symyrenko Horticultural Research Centre or «the named after» V.Stefanyk Lviv library. It must be repeatedly emphasized that the placement of the honorary name in English translations is strictly predetermined and can not be changed deliberately unless required by the speech situation (style) and content.