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- WAYS OF TRANSLATING PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS/COMPLEXES
- Exercise VI . State the nature of the participial constructions in the sentences below and translate them into Ukrainian.
Exercise V. Choose an appropriate Ukrainian equivalent for each English present/past participle first and then suggest a faithful translation of the following sentences: 1. The barking dog increased his tempo. (Steinbeck) 2. Dr. Maephal looked at the falling rain. (Maugham) 3. He heard the soft snow falling from a branch. (Hemingway) 4. A few early fallen oak-leaves strewed the terrace already... (Galsworthy) 5. Along the unpaved 272 roads there were a few little houses-... (Steinbeck) 6. Here was a woman sitting before the fire. 7. Wherever you looked, there were couples strolling, bending to the flowers, greeting, moving on over the lawn. 8. She found herself in a wretched little low kitchen lighted by a small lamp. (Mansfield) 9. She was in their bedroom sitting by the window. (Cheever) 10. A cold wind swept the pavement, bearing a scrap of silver paper from a chocolate box across the lamp-light. (G.Greene) 11. He was in an ecstasy, dreaming dreams and reconstructing the scene just past. 12. So Martin went on into a thorough study of evolution, mastering the subject more and more himself and being convinced by the corroborative testimony of a thousand independent writers. (London) 13. Having shaken himself free from his old companions and old ways of life, and having no new companions, nothing remained for him but to read. 14. Maria, having heard his groans through the thin partition, came into his room, to put hot flat-irons against his body and damp cloths upon his aching eyes. 15. ... being unused to such appraisements, he did not know how to value it. 16. But she, who knew little of the world of men, being a woman was keenly aware of his burning eyes. 17. He halted, with a laugh, and turned, facing them. (London) 18. The street was full of people, laughing and going home. (Greene) 19. Wishing him to finish the work in time, Andrew decided to ask Chris to help him. (Cronin) WAYS OF TRANSLATING PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS/COMPLEXES The present and the past participles may sometimes present difficulties for inexperienced translators when these verbals are used as part of the compound verbal predicate or in participial (secondary predication) constructions. Thus, the compound verbal predicate with the component present participle is usually transformed in Ukrainian into the simple verbal predicate expressed by a perfective verb. For example:
When used as part of a compound nominal predicate, the participle with its linking verb is transformed in Ukrainian into a simple 273
This predicate in Ukrainian may also be compound nominal (like in English): Ярмарок був закритий /було закрито/минулого тижня. Difficulties may present, however, some secondary predication constructions with the present and past participle which have to be treated/analysed separately. A. Ways of Translating the Objective with the Participle Constructions/Complexes Like the objective with the infinitive complexes, the secondary predication constructions with the present or past participle are used with the verbs of physical and mental perception, as well as with the verb to have. The participial construction thus formed has the function of the complex object and may be translated in different ways, the choice of which is predetermined by some factors like in case of the functionally corresponding infinitival complexes. The main of them are as follows:
Taking into account the above-named factors, the objective with the present participle constructions may be faithfully translated into Ukrainian in one of the following ways: 1. With the help of the object subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction що or by the adverbial connectors як, коли: ...he heard her moving about ... він чув, як вона ходила по the room. (W.Jacobs) кімнаті. Не listened to his uncle talk- Він слухав, як дядько вів ing to him... (Hemingway) розмову/розмовляв з ним. 2. With the help of the adverbial subordinate clauses of time, purpose, manner, etc., which testifies to the existence of functional discrepancies in the two languages at the level of syntactic structure, function, and content. For example: / had seen him last Septem- Я бачив його минулого року
3. On rarer occasions a faithful translation of the objective with the present participle construction may be achieved either with the help of an object subordinate clause or with the help of a semantically equivalent substantival word-group: / heard someone weeping. Я чув, як хтось плакав/ (G.Green) чийсь плач. Then I heard Pvle whispering: Потім я почув Пайлів «Thomas, Thomas.» (Ibid.) шепіт/як Пайл шепнув: «То- масе, Томасе.» Не found the prices declining Він помітив зниження цін/ in summer. (Int. Her. Tribune) що ціни знижуються влітку. 4. With the help of the finite form of the verb, i.e., with the help of the simple verbal predicate: «I can see vou marrying after «Ти, бачу, як підіп'єш, то ще a drink too many.» (Greene) станеш женихатися тут.» Some objective with the present participle construction may be translated with the help of two object subordinate clauses, as in the following sentence: He didn't care that they saw him crying. (Hemingway) Йому було байдуже, 1) що вони бачать, 2) як він плаче. The objective with the past participle constructions having actually almost the same N/I/Ven (noun/pronoun+past participle)structural pattern as the previously analysed complexes are characterized by a stronger predicative motivation and meaning. This is because these complexes are used to express the state of an object/person, the meaning of someone's experience in something, one's witness or that something is made/done for the benefit of someone other. As a result, some ways of translation of the objective with the past participle constructions sometimes differ from those employed for the translation of the objective with the present participle or the objective with the infinitive constructions. The main of these ways coincide, however, and are the following: 274 275
/ heard his name mentioned Я чув, шо/як його ім'я
2. This objective with the participle construction may also be translated with the help of a noun in the metaphorical paraphrase: Я чув його ім'я на вустах натовпу. One should not be misled by the compound nominal predicate which is not the N(l,Q)Ven complex but a simple verbal predicate in Ukrainian: She grew more and more її щодалі більше турбувала alarmed by the intrusion. (O'Dell) ця висадка/ це вторгнення. The N(I,Q)V n complex may also be translated into Ukrainian as a predicative to The noun being the subject of the sentence as in the example below: Some of the houses had their У деяких будинках вікна windows broken. (Cheever) були побиті. 3. By transplanting the participial complex to Ukrainian sen tences having here identical predicative constructions: When I returned I found the Прийшовши додому, я fence broken and the house door застав паркан проломаним, а opened. (O'Dell) хатні двері відчиненими. Note. Care should be taken as not to confuse attributive constructions of the V/I/V.ng pattern with those of the V/I/Ven pattern. The former are translated in two ways: 1) either with the help of a subordinate clause (when the noun is followed by the present participle): He looked at his father listen- Він глянув на батька, що ing with a kind of painful despera- слухав його з якимсь болісним tion. (Cronin) відчаєм. 2) or with the help of an identical attributive construction (in which the noun is equally followed by the past participle): He had seen towns destroyed Він побачив міста, by bombing. (Cheever) зруйновані бомбардуваннями. В. Ways of Translating the Subjective with the Participle Constructions The subjective with the participle (or the nominative with the participle constructions, as they are traditionally called) are trans- lated into Ukrainian much like the above-treated subjective with the infinitive secondary predication constructions. There is, however, some difference between the action expressed by the NV.n( pattern constructions and the action expressed by the subjective with the participle N/I/V.ng pattern construction. The latter also in Ukrainian expresses an action in process. For example: He was heard to sing. Чули, що він співав. Не was heard singing. Чули, як/коли він співав. English simple sentences with the subjective present participle constructions/complexes are mostly transformed in Ukrainian into a complex sentence introduced by the one-member indefinite-personal principal clause or by the infinitive performing the same syntactic function. The introductory indefinite personal/principal clauses and infinitives are Кажуть/Як кажуть; Повідомляють; Повідомляється, що; Очікується, що/Очікують, що. This kind of transformations have to be performed when the present participle in the secondary predication construction is used with the verbs of saying/reporting or with the verbs of physical or mental perceptions (to see, to hear, to know, etc.). The principal clause then (the single verb indefinite personal sentence) is followed by an object subordinate clause:
The subjective with the past participle constructions, which are used in English with the verbs to appear, to seem, to have etc., do not require considerable structural transformations in the process of translation into Ukrainian. Their meaning is usually conveyed by means
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of the same simple sentences as in English, with the past participle turned into the predicate verb: He had his eyes fixed always Він завжди спрямовував on the future. (London) свій погляд у майбутнє. This sentence, accordingly, may also be translated word-for-word: Він завжди мав свій погляд спрямованим у майбутнє./Його погляд завжди був спрямований у майбутнє. Ruth Morse seemed further Pvm Морз. здавалося, від- removed than ever. (Ibid.) дійшла від нього далі, ніж будь- коли. The last sentence can be translated with the help of a complex sentence as well, with the verb seemed turned into the introductory principal clause: Здавалось, Рут Морз відступила від нього далі, ніж будь-коли. It should be pointed out in conclusion that there are some constructions with the past participle in English which may erroneously be taken for the nominative absolute participial complexes, which in reality they are not. These constructions have also a past participle for their syntactic head and may occupy an initial, middle or final position in the sentence:
Participial constructions of the kind are often formed from intransitive verbs: Arrived at this point, we halted. Прибувши на ие місце, ми (S. Leacock) зробили зупинку/ми зупинилися. The nature and meaning of the kind of participial construction is more transparent, when it follows the noun and occupies a concluding position, as in the following sentence: He spoke with rare affection Він з особливою любов'ю of his sister Jean, now married розповідав про свою сестру, and comfortably settled in Тупе вже одружену, яка щасливо castle. (Cronin) поживає в Тайнському замку. Nothing in common with the NAPC have also constructions with the concluding past participle as in He had his haircut, she had her photo taken, which are translated with the help of finite forms of the verb (predicate): Він підстригся, вона сфотографувалась. Certainly the most confusing for inexperienced translators are participial constructions with the grammaticalized past participles given, taken, granted etc. which are translated into Ukrainian with the help of diyepryslivnyks, diyepryslivnyk constructions or even via prepositional noun phrases. Cf.:
Taken together, the results of the reaction proved the existence of some touch in the solution. Given the present financial situation in South Korea, no other move from the IMF could be expected. (Fin.News) Підсумовуючи/У підсумку наслідки реакції підтвердили існування домішок у розчині. Враховуючи/зважаючи на сучасний фінансовий стан Південної Кореї, інших кроків від МВФ не доводилось очікувати. Exercise VI. State the nature of the participial constructions in the sentences below and translate them into Ukrainian. 1. Suddenly he heard someone running down the stairs.
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 played? 25. «I heard your testimonial read in the Police Court, Fleur.» (Galsworthy) 26. «He saw her face contorted for a moment with the extremity of his feeling ...» 27. On Wednesday morning Julia had her face massaged and her hair waved. (Maugham) 28. He saw her arms raised as she fixed her hair before a mirror. (London) 29. But they would feel their tails being tied! (Galsworthy) 30. At six forty-five I walked down to the quay to watch the American planes unloaded. (G.Greene) 31. I watched him adjusting himself a little, visibly. (Fitzgerald) 32. We have the enemy almost surrounded. (Cheever)
33. I always see you this time of the year going up. (W.Maken) 34. This point is obvious: given the choice, businessmen would rather
C. Ways of Translating the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions/Complexes These English secondary predication word-groups, which are very often used in literary substyles, are presented in some structurally different types. The main of them are three: 1. The nominative absolute participial constructions consisting of a synthetic or analytical paradigm of the present participle. This type of secondary predication complexes may have the form of a synthetic or an analytic paradigm of the participle. For example, in the underlined nominative absolute participial construction This duty done, we refilled our glasses (J.K.Jerome), the paradigm of the participle is simple, i.e. synthetic. It has been derived, respectively, either from a less extended (The duty being done), or from a more extended/full analytical paradigm of this participle (The duty having been done). The contracted and less extended forms of the nominative absolute participial constructions are much more occurent in present-day English than their full paradigmatic forms, in which some emphasis is always laid on the categorial meanings (tense, aspect, voice) of the action expressed through the componental parts of the paradigm. Cf.: This duty having (perfective aspect) been (passive voice) done (accomplished action). When no emphasis is laid on the categorial rheanings in the paradigm of the participle, only the nucleus of it (the past participle) is usually used. The number of components/elements in the paradigm of the participle has actually no influence on the expression of meaning and translation of this predicative construction, which can be seen from the sentence below: This duty done, we unfilled our Оскільки з цим було вирішено. glasses, lit our pipes, and re- ми осушили келихи, запалили sumed the discussion upon our люльки й знову стали бідкатись state of health. (J.K.Jerome) про своє здоров'я. The syntactic/functional meaning of the participial construction in this isolated sentence may be considered temporal as well. Then its Ukrainian traslation wil be respectively Після того, як із иим було вирішено, ми... It should be pointed out that only the analytical paradigms, which contain the constituent elements of the passive and perfect participles of some verbs may be condensed. When the participial paradigm is represented in the nominative absolute participial constructions through a single present participle expressing an action of the secondary subject, it can not be transformed into an extended paradigm or contracted. Thus, the present participle opening in the sentence James' face protruded naively, his mouth opening. (Galsworthy) can not undergo any complete transformation through reduction. 2. The second structural type constitute the nominative absolute participial constructions that contain no participle component at all. The relation of the predication in complexes of this type is implicitly inherent in and is realized through a prepositional (usually with a noun or pronoun) or a substantival word-group. Cf.: Now, with this visit to Cardiff Тепер, лаштуючись до in prospect, he wished her to ас- поїздки до Кардіффа. він хотів, company him. (Cronin) щоб Крістін супроводжувала його. Не sat down, his face serious Він сів серйозний і and intent, and his fingers began зосереджений за рояль, і його to race across the keyboard, пальці швидко забігали по (S.Sheldon) клавішах. With so much at stake, he did Коли стільки ставилося на not want to appear inhospitable, карту, він хотів здаватися (Ibid.) якомога гостиннішим. 280 281
  3. The third structural type form subjectless nominative abso
lute participial complexes. Their secondary subject may have a clearly addressed or an indistinctly addressed reference to the subject of the introductory clause. An illustration to the first subtype of such nomi native absolute participial constructions may be the following exam ple: Though being left out all night in the rain, the metal had not rusted. (Maugham) The secondary predicate (being left out) of the nominative absolute participial construction clearly refers to the noun of the matrix clause «metal». Consequently, its translation is easy: Метал хоч і пролежав цілу ніч під дощем, (він) не поіржавів. In opposition to this, in the second type of subjectless nominative absolute participial constructions the addressed referent in the introductory/matrix part of the sentence is not clearly indicated by the secondary predicate:
The actions expressed by the participles of the nominative absolute participial constructions here refer to the pronoun they. Therefore, it is the secondary subject to the participles in this syntactic construction, which should be translated with the orientation on this pronoun: Старий Джоліон дивився, як вони, мовчки похитуючись і підгуцуючи на пружинистих сидіннях брички, віддалялися в яскравому сонячному світлі. 4. The fourth structural type constitute nominative absolute
Neither the secondary subject (the wind) nor the secondary predicate (whipping the thin night-gown...) has any explicit syntactic and semantic connection with the introductory clause She reached the lake and stood there staring at it. The vague, almost untraced semantic connection of the quasi- clause with the introductory clause pan be guessed, naturally, 0Л the basis of the contextual environment from which some temporal sequence of actions can be seen: the wind whipped her nightgown after she had reached the lake. Hence, one of the translation versions may be as follows: Коли вона підішла до озера й стала, вдивляючись у нього, вітер затріпотів тонесенькою нічною сорочкою, шо тісно облягала її тіло. Because of the vague temporal reference of actions expressed by the predicative complex/quasi-clause, which is actually independent syntactically, it can also be translated as a separate sentence: Вона підійшла до озера й стала, вдивляючись у нього. Шугнув вітер і затріпотів тоненькою нічною сорочкою, що тісно облягала її тіло. Therefore, translation of these secondary predication constructions is predetermined by some semantic and syntactic factors, the main of which are as follows:
D. Ways of Identification of Implicit Meanings in the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions As has been said already, a peculiar feature of many nominative absolute participial constructions is their often indistinct semantic and syntactic role in the semi-composite sentence. The syntactic and semantic interrelations formed between the quasi-clauses with the nominative absolute participial construction on one hand, and the introductory/dominant clause on the other, may be of adverbial, attributive or objective nature. Among the most frequent adverbial meanings are temporal and causal, which are rendered into Ukrainian with the help of the corresponding subordinate clauses. For example: «/ can't write with you stand- «Я не можу, Марджері,
A temporal meaning may also be indicated by an adverb/adverbial expression in the nominative absolute participial construction or 282 283
 by the corresponding tense forms in the introductory clause:
Mr. Quest, once again Квест, коли його знову interrupted, turned his darky- обірвали, глянув на нього своїми irritable eyes on him. чорними сердитими очима. (D.Lessing) Another man, with his back Ще один чоловік, що був behind to the camera, faced the спиною до фотоапарата, став woman. (A.Hailey) перед жінкою спереду. The inherent here in this nominative absolute participial construction causal meaning is not explicitly indicated. Nevertheless, it is clearly felt from the sentence, which can be proved by inserting the conjunction since or as, and thus transforming the secondary predication construction into the causative clause of the complex sentence: Mr. Hilary being at a meeting. As/since Mr. Hilary was at a the brothers had tea by them- meeting, the brothers had tea by selves. (Galsworthy) themselves. Therefore, there can be only one way of translation for such and the like nominative absolute participial constructions into Ukrainian, and this is by means of causative subordinate clauses introduced by the conjunctions оскільки, тому що, бо: Оскільки Гілері був на зборах, брати сіли за чай самі/сіли пити чай самі. The nominative absolute participial constructions of causative meaning may also occupy a postpositive position in the sentence, i.e., after the introductory clause, as in the following example:
Among other adverbial meanings expressed by these secondary predication complexes in semi-composite English sentence are also conditional: The human condition being Якщо вже так складається what it was, let them fight, let людське життя, то хай собі them love... (Greene) воюють і хай собі кохаються... The nominative absolute participial constructions can also express other meanings and relations in the sentence. Then they are translated into Ukrainian respectively as corresponding nominal (or adverbial) subordinate clauses. For example:
Translation of the nominative absolute participial constructions may be influenced by the individual author's usage, because of which the aim of their employment is always stylistically predetermined. These constructions are mostly employed for the sake of economizing the speech efforts, for creating some dynamism or easiness in narration and for achieving the necessary expressiveness, etc. The last of these functions had been proved to exist in colloquial English and also in belles-lettres works of many British and American authors. This could also be observed in the translation of the above-cited nominative absolute participial construction, which may also be rendered with some ironic flavour: It was Dr.Dornbergen, his hands inevitably busy with his pipe. - Це був лікар Дорнберґен, руки якого весь час вертіли люльку /ні на мить не випускав з рук люльку, etc. жүктеу/скачать 2.59 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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