ЭКОНОМИКА И ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА

В современных условиях применение предприятием действенных механизмов становится наиболее актуально, при этом механизм рассматривается как система, которая обеспечивает протекание процессов в организации. При этом механизм повышения эффективности экономической деятельности предприятия должен проникать во все процессы деятельности предприятия, это связанно с тем, что в современных условиях основной идеей является идея постоянства изменений и улучшений, которые затрагивают все стороны деятельности предприятия. Соответственно механизм повышения эффективности экономической деятельности предприятия является одним из основных реализаторов сохранения конкурентоспособности в быстро меняющейся конкурентной среде.

Целью деятельности любого промышленного предприятия является выпуск определенной продукции (выполнение работ, оказание услуг) установленного объема и качества, в определенные сроки. Но при установлении масштабов производства следует исходить не только из индивидуальных потребностей в данной продукции, но и в необходимости учитывать достижение максимального уровня ее эффективности. Поэтому оценивать качество работы промышленного предприятия следует, прежде всего, посредством определения экономической эффективности производимой продукции. Для этого необходимо выработать механизм повышения эффективности экономической деятельности предприятия.

Высокая эффективность производства является необходимой и решающей предпосылкой систематического расширенного воспроизводства. Эффективность производства относится к числу ключевых категорий рыночной экономики, которая непосредственно связана с достижением конечной цели развития производства в целом и каждого предприятия в отдельности.

Экономическая наука определяет категорию эффективности как результативность производственного процесса, производственной системы или конкретной формы хозяйствования. В наиболее общем виде экономическая эффективность производства представляет собой количественное соотношение двух величин: результатов хозяйственной деятельности и произведенных затрат.

Ключевые слова: механизм повышения эффективности, экономическая деятельность, инвестиции, промышленность, предприятие, эффективность, элемент.

В статье рассматривается система мотивации и стимулирования работников в сфере предпринимательской деятельности, сложившаяся в современных условиях рыночной экономики. Данная тема является актуальной на сегодняшний день, так как именно от того, насколько удовлетворены сотрудники сложившимися условиями труда, во многом зависит конкурентоспособность предпринимательской структуры. На практике используются различные концепции мотивации и стимулирования, а отечественный и зарубежный опыт позволяют согласовать интересы предпринимателей и их работников, а также сделать процессы мотивации и стимулирования более продуктивными. Так же в данной статье разграничиваются понятия «мотивация» и «стимулирование», так как их зачастую употребляют как близкие по значению синонимы, что не является таковым. Далее выделяются основные характеристики деятельности работников, на которые воздействует мотивация, такие как добросовестность, направленность, усилие, старание и настойчивость; рассматривается внутренняя и внешняя мотивация как одна из классификаций видов мотивации, зависящая от факторов воздействия на человека; анализируются основные группы системы мотивирования работников: принуждения и наказания, материальное поощрение, моральное поощрение и самоутверждение; отдельно выделяются такие понятия как наказание и поощрение со стороны руководства. Мотивация к труду работника реализуется в оплате труда через её стимулирующую функцию, а у каждого работника присутствуют четыре вида мотивации – моральная, экономическая, социальная и репрессивная, но также каждому работнику присущ определенный уровень мотивационного комплекса: высокий, выше среднего, средний и низкий, и в данной статье далее рассматривается зависимость стимулирования работников от уровня их мотивационного комплекса.

Ключевые слова: мотивация, стимулирование, система мотивирования, моральное поощрение, материальное поощрение, самоутверждение, принуждение, наказание, оплата труда, предпринимательство.




WOOD-PROCESSING

Popov V.M., Lushnikova E.N., Chernoukhov P.A. Thermal contact of metal surface with oxide films. – P. 7-12.

The results on the formation of the contact thermal resistance in the area of section of metal surfaces with oxide films. At a special installation for the study of contact heat transfer experiments were conducted with contacting surfaces covered with oxide films of different thickness. We investigated the contact pair of copper M2 and alloy D16T with planuneven surfaces and surfaces that have nonflatness. Experiments have shown that the presence of oxide films on the contacting surfaces increases the total thermal contact resistance. The increase in mechanical load on the oxidized surfaces reduces the thermal resistance in the contact zone. In its turn increasing the thickness of oxide film is accompanied by growth of contact thermal resistance, due to low thermal conductivity of oxide films. Experience has also shown that with ratio increasing of the sum of the thicknesses of oxide films to the average height microroughnesses of contacting surfaces contact resistance increases. The nature of the formation of contact thermal resistance for the contact pairs of surfaces having coarse irregularities such as flatness is identical to pairs with planuneven surfaces. In this case, due to the presence of coarse irregularities overall thermal resistance significantly increases.

The results of these studies have a practical orientation, since they allow to carry out operations on thermoregulation in the heat-technical systems with composite elements. It becomes possible, in one case to increase the thermal resistance by the directed growth of oxide coatings on the surfaces of contact or, alternatively, removing the oxide film, increase the heat transfer through the contact zone.

Key words: thermal resistance, contact thermal conductivity, temperature, contact surface, oxide films, microscopic irregularities, coarse irregularities.
Popov V.M., Novikov A.P., Tinkov A.A. Modification of the dispersion-filled polymeric materials by the combined effects of physical fields. – P. 12-17.

This article describes and analyzes the results of experimental studies of physical and mechanical properties of disperses-filled polymer materials exposed to magnetic ultra sonic field. At a special setting that allows to create the field of ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz and a magnetic field up to, , processing of polymer composition components EAF+PEPA and adhesives VK-9 and K-153 was made. Adhesives based on polymer components processed by combined physical field were then used to form adhesive joints. The last ones were tested after this in breaking machine on tensile strength at uniform separation and shear during compression. It is established that the effect of magnetic ultra sonic field on the glue VC-9 increases the strength of adhesive bonding almost in 2 times and glue EHP-153 and + PEPA for 40-60 %. Separate studies of microhardness of samples from glues processed in the combined the field in PMT-3 equipment show an increase for 60-70 %.

To increase thermal and electrical conductivity of polymer seals based on the composition EHP+PEPA in the lastone powder fillers PZHV and PNA were introduced. Then layings were sonicated and processed by static magnetic field of varying intensity. Due to the formation of chain structures of the metal filler particles electrical and thermal conductivity of layings significantly raised. Microhardness tests of filled polymers processed in the combined field were carried. Treatment in this field of polymers increases their microhardness.

The research results presented in this article, are recommended to use in the design and creation of heat-stressed systems.

Key words: magnetic ultra sonic field, stress, frequency of exposure, thermal conductivity, strength, electrical conductivity, adhesive joints.
Razinkov E.M. Analysis of modes plywood hot-pressing and areas of research to improve them. – P. 18-20.

The process of hot pressing of any laminated material is a very important stage of the process. Over time, with the advent of new types of adhesives, equipment, etc., modes of pressing must be adjusted.

Presented article contains material on the analysis of the existing modes of plywood hot pressing. If the pressure and temperature of the pressing is basically the not exposed to adjustment then the duration of exposure of plywood in the press, which determines the capacity of the plant, shall be subjected to such adjustment.

From the materials of articles follows that existing modes of plywood hot pressing should be improved further with the conduct of relevant studies. In the first phase of these studies it is advisable to determine the dependence of the strength of plywood on three factors (pressing temperature, plywood thickness and the duration of exposure in the press). The condition of the restrictions must be three output parameters satisfying the requirements of GOST – tensile strength of plywood for shear in the glue layer in the dry state, after boiling in water for 1 h and after soaking in water for 24 hours. Experiments is advisable to carry out by the method of mathematical planning in order to find the optimal parameter values.

Key words: hot pressing, tensile strength, pressing temperature
Forestry and protective afforestation
Bartenev I.M. Ecologization of process of developing cuttings for forest cultures. – P. 21-27.

Various technologies of cuttings clearing from stumps and logging residues, as well as planting of forest cultures in not-cleared cuttings are examined. Silvicultural-environmental and techno-economic evaluation of strip and continuous clearance of cuttings is given, based on the use of stump pullers and stump collectors of lever-type. Disadvantages of them and the process of uprooting tree stumps were noted. The disadvantages include the removal of topsoiltogether with clearing the stumps out of the strip, increasing density and reducing porosity; formation of microdepressions, local waterlogging, waterlogging and partial destruction of cultures, increasing the risk of occurrence and development of fires, pest and disease foci and cultures muting.

With continuous uprooting part of noted shortfalls is absent. However, energy and material costs are sharply rising. Complete rejection of uprooting stumps and creating cultures in non-stumped cuttings complicates work of silvicultural felling machines so that their application in two or three years after planting is practically excluded. Cutting overgrown with fast growing deciduous species and choke the cultures.

Eco-friendly and cost-effective technology and a new set of machinery for its implementation are offered. The essence of the new technology – grinding stumps at or below the soil surface throughout cutting, solid double entry preparation of soil for the season. The used machinery – stumps chopper of active action due to an engine power of the tractor transmitted through the PTO and disc harrow keyboard BBC-2,5. The tractor is equipped with a hydraulic crane, on the boom if which stumps cutter is installed. Tractor with a one-stop removes stumps within the swing (7,5 m). Then the machine moves at 30 m and a workflow is repeated.

The new technology allows the use of general purpose tractors of class 0,9-30 kN, to increase the working speed, use multimachine and combination units. Materials consumption of machines decreases by 40 %.

Keywords: cutting, uprooting stumps, reduction and fragmentation of tree stumps, technology, cultures.

In the biological reclamation of mining developments landscapes of Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, an attempt to identify the pathological factors that adversely affect the growth and condition of the forests of pine was made. Against the background of the general poor state of plantation considerable importance pine flat bug has recognized a dangerous pest of pine forests and leading to death of pine forests.

Long time the pine flat bug was considered harmless insects and finding it in the pine saplings was not give value. Caused by them weakening of the growth of young pines are usually attributed to drought, soil conditions and other reasons. The appearance of bug is a reliable indicator of loss of viability of plantations.

In a survey of forest plantations of Scots pine on the man-made landscapes MRA was revealed that the bug at the age of ten years reaches its maximum spread. The maximum density falls to such shoots, where by 30 years of age squamation of pine disappears. In this structure, the bug is deprived of places for its habitat and, therefore, occurs on the trunk of a single specimen. Is the most sharply expressed.

This dangerous pest at a young age requires careful examination, putting on a strict registration and development of methods and ways to combat it. In the creation of protective plantations on the degraded and waste land, where pine forests are recommended, the careful and constant supervision of this pest should be organized.

Key words: reclamation, man-made landscapes, plantations, pathological factors, forest cultures, Scots pine, growth and conditions of species, related species, pests of pine forests, pine flat bug, pathological factors, food supply, bark squamation, supervision, control, methods of struggle.

Texture – one of the most important indicators of material surfaces, characterized by the degree of relief and gloss. The texture of leaf blades surfaces, inflorescences and flowers by reflected light creates the appearance of the plant. In studying the decorative qualities of any plant object an objective assessment and monitoring of all components of the decoration is required. It is through evaluation and monitoring the main features of the surface of plant objects can be identified.

Texture of plant material depends on the density and size of microdistortions of surface. On the one hand – a smooth surfaces in which the texture elements are so small that they are not visually distinguishable. On the other hand – those surfaces, the elements of texture of which are perceived by their value as separate elements of the form. Their number is small enough, so they can be easily distinguished. In this case, the elements are already elements of texture segmentation of the surface.

The color and character of the surface of plants are closely related to each other and influence the emotional perception of the material surface. Identical in hue, but differ in the degree of roughness, that is different in texture plants give different sense of colors. The use of herbaceous plants for flower gardening of urban sites is an important aspect. Color and texture are inextricably linked to each other, to the same texture influence on color perception. Therefore, to enhance the decorative flower arrangements at the sites of gardening a sound approach to indicators such as "color" and "texture" is required".

Keywords: texture of the surface, the height of the relief, the rhythm of alternation, inflorescence, surface texture, decorative figure, the surface gloss of inflorescences, surface roughness, the degree of gloss.
Chernodubov A.I., Odnoralov G.A., Fedosova T.V. The biological productivity of the forest cenoses on sod-calcareous soils. – P. 42-47.

We consider some of the biological productivity of plant communities in the sod-calcareous soils of different landscapes of chalk pine forest of the Belgorod region, "Bekaryukovsky bor". The structure of elementary landscapes on the right bank of the river Nezhegol is given

In the eluvial landscape oak phytocoenosis is formed presented in the first layer by English oak with companions – linden, maple platanoides, ash. The total biomass of leaves, branches, stems, roots, grasses, bedding is 328.5 tons per hectare.

In the eluvial and transit landscape, presented by 120…140 years of pure native pine tree stand in the chalk eluvium total stock of organic substance reaches 112 tons per hectare. This is the lowest productivity of the ecosystem due to their age and growth in specific conditions. Main mass of about 110 tons makes tree stand.

In 20…25-year-old tree stand, formed due to the upstream natural regeneration of indigenous forest type, the bulk of tree trunks – 108 tons/ha make up the main mass. The total mass of organic substance consists of the stand, grass cover and bedding, reaches 135 tonnes per hectare.

It should be noted that the pine plantations, adapted over time to such extreme conditions are most suitable for afforestation and improvement of the chalk slopes. Chalk outcrop area increases, and only on Central Russian Upland exceeds half a million hectares.

Key words: biological productivity, chalk pine, landscape.
Chernyshov M.P., Kuprin Yu.I., Kirakosyan M.L. Ecological and silvicultural basis of optimizing the species composition and distribution of forests in the Western Black Sea region. – P. 48-60.

The article discusses the results of a comprehensive assessment of the existing structure of the forest fund of forest districts Novorossiysk and Gelendzhik of Krasnodar Region, representing ecological and recreational framework of the Western Black Sea region. Silvicultural zoning, current status and location of forest, species composition and age structure of forest stands, taking into account the priority of functions they perform are analyzed.

Under the new Forest Code of the Russian Federation all the forests of the Black Sea region for their intended purpose are assigned to two categories of protective forests - the forests, acting as the protection of natural and other objects, and valuable forests.

The main share in the land covered with forest vegetation of Novorossiysk and Gelendzhik forestries low-stemmed plantations of hardwood species are taken, mostly pubescent oak, 84,8, and 69,9 % respectively. The share of plantation of softwood (pine and juniper) is clearly insufficient for the resort area, just 7,0 and 7,1% respectively.

The main ecological and silvicultural principles of optimization of the species composition of forests are examined. The main criterion for durability and high resistance of forest trees to environmental stress is the most complete compliance with site conditions (type of site conditions) of forest land of bioecological requirements of cultivated valuable tree species.

A generalized scheme for sustainable reforestation of the West of the Black Sea region is suggested, the priority of which is the reconstruction of low value forest stands by the sulvicultural methods of trenching terraces on steep slopes and stepped terraces on the sloping and steep slopes.

An algorithm for optimizing the species composition of forests and placement of forest plantations in the established boundaries on two different levels: silvicultural-economic and administrative-territorial.

Keywords: mountain forests, species composition, optimizing allocation of forests, durability, stability, type of site conditions, the restructuring of the forest fund, an algorithm optimizing the placement of forests.

We consider the consequences that arise in the process of logging, improvement cutting, and clearing of cuttings, which have harmful effects on the forest environment. These include – the formation of deep track and skid trails, local soil compaction, formation of microdepressions and waterlogging, the destruction of the structure, the removal of the humus horizon and soil loss, the emergence of the processes of water erosion, deformation and breakage of the roots of growing trees, reducing growth of forest plantations, the destruction of undergrowth of valuable species, stripping the bark, broken branches and branches of trees remaining on the root.

Ways of reducing the harmful effects of machines and workers of the soil, undergrowth and stand on a root, which are combined into five groups - reducing sealing and damaging effects of propeller of the tractor and harvesting machine on the ground, improving the design of tractors and harvesting machines, improving the technology of harvesting and improvement cutting; improvement of stumps disposal technology, soil preparation and care of cultures, the development and application of combined machines and units are suggested.

The ways of implementation of mentioned ways of ecologization of processes of interaction of machines with the environment through an integrated solution that includes the issues of technology and operations of work processes, construction of tractors and machinery, professionalization of workers in the forestry sector. Particular attention is paid to improving the technology of logging and reforestation.

Keywords: impact, soil, undergrowth, plantations, tractors, logging machines, stump removal, care of cultures.
Zhdanov Yu.M. Installation for research of disk and chain saws for cutting dry and alive wood. – P. 67-70.

Carrying out in protective forest plantations of silvicultural activities, including removal of dead trees, shrubs, forming crowns and cutting drying tops is a biological and technological necessity.

To perform these operations machines and devices are used with cutting and sawing working bodies in the form of disk and chain saws. In order to determine the optimal parameters and operating modes of disk and chain saws, and their interaction with the test materials (wood) of various species and sizes in VNIALMI laboratory facility was established, which includes a device for cutting wood by circular saw (on the patent of Russian Federation № 2357856) complemented by a replaceable unit with a chainsaw.

Unit consists of: an electric motor mounted on a metal frame, V-belt and chain transmissions, bar with the cutting chain and the pendulum mechanism with clamping device for mounting the sample of timber. The pendulum mechanism is used to supply wood to the saw and moves with the hydraulic cylinder, the drive is performed by special hydrostation. Kinematic scheme of transmission of torque from the motor to the saw chain and possible changes in the chain speed are given (8,0; 9,6; 11,95; 14,4; 16,0; 17,6; 24,0; 26,35 m/s).

The gear ratio of the electric motor to sprocket drive of the drive chain is given by

i_total= i_b.d. I_{ch. d.},

where i_b.d..=1,0…3,29 – gear ratio of belt drive; I_{ch. d}=6 – gear ratio of chain drive.

At the laboratory facility research were carried out on cutting living and dry wood by working bodies with chain and circular saw. Ability to cut wood by chainsaw has been studied at a speed of 9,0 m/s and the speed of thrusting wood on saw (from 0,04 to 0,3 m/s).

The quality of the cutting of timber was estimated at a height of irregularities on the cut surface – δ. When cutting wood with a diameter 70, 93, 115 mm, respectively, the time of cutting (1,75…0,23, 2,325…0,31, 2,875…0,38 s) and height of the irregularities (0,09…0,07, 0,08…0,06, 0,05…0.04 mm) are determined. The experimental results when working with circular saws are detailed in the journal "Vestnik RAAS. 2009. Number 4. p. 87-89. "

In general, the installation makes it possible to conduct experimental research on living and dry wood cutting by chain and circular saws, which allows you to optimize the parameters of the working bodies and speed up the process of creating new machines for withdrawals in silvicultural forest plantations of any kind.

Key words: setup for cutting wood, sawing studies on living and dry wood, working bodies, construction.

The paper presents the results of design machines for trimming of tree crowns, laboratory stand, studying the dynamics of hydraulic disk saw and qualitative indicators of cutting.

The working body of the machine for cutting of tree crowns is mounted on the base machine of truck-type and includes lifting mechanism with hydraulic cylinder, which is mounted rotating column on. On a rotating column the lower section of the boom is installed, to which by a cylindrical hinge middle section of boom and cylinder management are attached. The upper part of the middle section of the boom by a cylindrical hinge is connected to the extreme section, equipped with a control hydraulic cylinder. Inside the extreme section control hydraulic cylinder is rigidly mounted, rod of which is rigidly connected to the propeller, installed on a thread in the sleeve, mounted by bearings inside extreme sections and are rigidly attached to the bar. At the other end of the bar the rotary hydraulic motor (rotator) is set and the rotary shaft of has hydraulic connection to the movable body of a disk saw drive having a one-way grind away the detachable part of the branch and the following geometric parameters of the teeth: the angle of sharpening the front (long) edge β_δ=30°, contoured wedge angle β=30°, the rear corner of the contour α=130°, clearance angle of cutting edge side of α_δ≈0°, rake angle γ=-70° (a negative value), and the cutting angle δ=160°, the angle of sharpening short edge β_δk=45°, rake angle γ_k=40° is positive, the rear corner of the contour α_k=20° and the angle of the cutting δ_k=50°. Tooth set is a one-sided is made within 0,2 mm in the direction of grinding. The main body of the circular saw has rigidly fixed V-shaped fence, the height is greater than the radius of the circular saw.

The results of the research can accelerate the process of creating new machines for withdrawals in silvicultural forest plantations, forest seed plantations, forest agricultural landscapes and green areas of cities and towns.

Keywords: cutting trees, circular saw, the crown, hydraulic cylinder, boom arm, cutting energy, surface roughness of the cut.
Tretyakov A.I. On the classification of vibration mechanisms of forest soil cultivating implements. – P. 76-80.

A significant amount of energy of forest soil cultivating units is not realized in the process. This is due to the large number of constraints and the need to use in connection with this more powerful tractors. In addition, the tractor face significant fluctuations induced by cross-country of forest sites. Also cultivated soil of non-stubbed cuttings is distinguished by high resistivity, sodding and heavy texture. Used disk working bodies of tillage tools in connection with heavy soil properties are of low quality of treatment. For the beneficial use of energy lost by forest tillage units are encouraged to apply induced vibration on the working bodies. Analysis of the literature showed that the scientists offered a variety of construction of vibratory working bodies of tillage tools. In order to justify the most effective working vibrating bodies of tillage tools the author offers a classification. On the basis of classification we managed to determine that the most optimal for forest tillage units are vibrating working bodies: with the drive directly to the working bodies, pointing to the vibrations directly to every working body, the type of drive - hydraulic; control – automatic, and energy efficiency – by the possibility with energy recovery. Also in the article indicated the advantages and disadvantages of different options of combining and performance of vibration mechanisms in tillers. The developed classification will allow to systematize the existing structure and accelerate the deployment of the most promising technological solutions on the serial forest tillage units. Also, this classification may be useful for the research units involved in the improvement of forest of tillage tools in use.

Keywords: vibrating mechanism, classification, tillage tool
Shcheblykin P.N., Borovikov R.G., Boyeva Ye.V. Theoretical investigations of dynamic loads at slippage of working bodies of forestry milling machine with central drive. – P. 80-84.

At the present stage of the main direction of engineering for high performance machines (increasing rapidity, reducing the time of transients) increase in their workload, accuracy, and their efficiency and reliability, is the analysis of movements in machines with all the major power factors. All this is is the task of machine dynamics. Through preliminary dynamic studies it can be anticipated special regulation, damping and unloading device that will support the dynamic characteristics of machines within specified limits during the operation. Thus, the choice of the structure and parameters of the machine, based on careful analysis of its dynamic processes at the same time solves the problem of increasing reliability, reducing consumption of materials and dimensions of the machine, and by the most economical way – just by proper selection of schemes and parameters.

The paper presents theoretical investigations of the influence of different parameters of forest soil-milling machines for dynamic load when it is triggered in fuses and stresses of their further slippage.

Keywords: dynamics, load, machine, stiffness, damping, speed, the central drive, the working body, the fuse.