Материалы II студенческой межфакультетсткой конференции первокурсников по биоорганической химии
Ashiq Parappil, group 4. Scientific adviser is Grabovetskaya Eugenia
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- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- Cocaine
- DMT Christos Tsopozids, group 7. Scientific adviser is Grabovetskaya Eugenia.
- AMINO ACIDS
Ashiq Parappil, group 4. Scientific adviser is Grabovetskaya Eugenia.Pencillin is one of the most important heterocyclic compound widely used in medicine. The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and "rediscovered" by Alexander Flemming in 1928 from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum. Alexander fleming discovered penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish biologist, observed that Penicillium notatum, a common mold, had destroyed staphylococcus bacteria in culture. Penicillins are active against Gram positive bacteria Some members (e.g. amoxicillin) are also effective against Gram negative bacteria but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa All penicillin like antibiotics inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential part of the cell wall. They do not interfere with the synthesis of other intracellular components. These antibiotics do not affect human cells because human cells do not have cell walls. The term "penicillin" is often used generically to refer to benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), procaine benzylpenicillin (procaine penicillin), benzathine benzylpenicillin (benzathine penicillin), and phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V).Procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin have the same antibacterial activity as benzylpenicillin but act for a longer span of time. CocaineMorenike O.M. Ademola, group 5. Scientific adviser is Grabovetskaya Eugenia.Cocaine is a very well known drug. It is infamous for causing a burst of euphoria, after being used, this change in personality is known as “being high”. 
I.U.P.A.C.: methyl (1R, 2R, 3S, 5S)-3- (benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2-carboxylate. Cocaine is a weakly alkaline compound (an "alkaloid"), and can therefore combine with acidic compounds to form various soluble salts. Also, cocaine has pyrrolic nitrogen, and this can be proved by the formation of a Schiff’s base, during its biosynthesis. Cocaine acts as a dopamine-reuptake inhibitor. It does this by binding to the uptake pump, thus preventing the dopamine molecules from returning into the presynaptic neuron, and causing them to accumulate in the synaptic cleft. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter substance that is thought to modulate the response selection process in at least two important ways. First, dopamine sets the "effort threshold" for initiating behaviors. The higher the level of dopamine activity, the lower the energy required to evoke a given behavior. As a consequence, high levels of dopamine lead to high levels of motor activity and "impulsive" behavior. DMTChristos Tsopozids, group 7. Scientific adviser is Grabovetskaya Eugenia.DMT is regarded as one of the most potent hallucinogenic drugs, belonging to the tryptamine family. It is possibly functional as a trace amine neurotransmitter/neuromodulator. Formula C12H16N2. Contains an indole ring. DMT is most commonly stored as a fumarate. Very hygroscopic and will not readily crystallize. Its freebase form is less stable and has a lower boiling point. It is water soluble only in its salt form. The base form can be soluble in organic solvents. Endogenous DMT? So one can observe that DMT can be produced as part of an organism’s natural metabolism, including human. As tryptophan is part of human’s diet and both enzymes are coded in the human organism. This however is not taken for a fact by the scientific community. Although it has been detected in mammals such as rabbits and a research in 2013 reported presence of DMT in the pineal gland microdialysate of rodents. Psychiatrist Rick Strassman proposed a theory that DMT is produced in the pineal gland at near death experiences, explaining the visions observed by people at that state. The latter is not a verified theory. Physiological effects Sympathomimetic symptoms like dilated pupils, elevated blood pressure and increased pulse rate. In addition, according to Dr Rick Strassman, elevated beta-endorphin, corticotrophin, cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone blood levels rose and melatonin levels remained unaffected. Psychological effects Production of powerful psychedelic experiences including intense visuals, euphoria and hallucinations. South American shamanic spiritual practices include the use of DMT as a mean of body cleansing and spiritual awakening, often described as rebirth. The effect is short term but it seems to last much longer. When DMT is smoked or injected, effects begin in seconds, reach a peak in five to twenty minutes and end after a half hour or so. This has earned it the name "businessman's trip." The brevity of the experience make its intensity bearable, and, for some, desirable. People who used it account it as a profound life changing experience.
Seth Omari Mensah, group 7. Scientific adviser is Grabovetskaya Eugenia.Description of amino acid Amino acid, any of a group of organic molecules that consist of a basic amino group (−NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (−COOH), and an organic R group (or side chain) that is unique to each amino acid. The term amino acid is short for “α-amino [alpha-amino] carboxylic acid.” Each molecule contains a central carbon (C) atom, termed the α-carbon, to which both an amino and a carboxyl group are attached. Amino acids having both the amine and the carboxylic acid groups. The remaining two bonds of the α-carbon atom are generally satisfied by a hydrogen (H) atom and the R group. History of amino acid The first few amino acids were discovered in the early 19th century. In 1806, French chemists Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated a compound in asparagus that was subsequently named asparagine, the first amino acid to be discovered. Cysteine was discovered in 1810, although its monomer, cysteine, remained undiscovered until 1884. Glycine and leucine were discovered in 1820 Usage of the term amino acid in the English language is from 1898.[Proteins were found to yield amino acids after enzymatic digestion or acid hydrolysis. In 1902, Emil Fischer and Franz Hofmeister proposed that proteins are the result of the formation of bonds between the amino groups of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another, in a linear structure that Fischer termed peptide. Importance of amino acid
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