Международный научный журнал № 7(100), часть 2
«Научный Фокус» ноября, 2023
262
Properties of fertilizers. It is necessary to take into
account its physical and
mechanical properties when choosing the right type of machinery for spreading
fertilizer on the field. The most important property of fertilizer is its flowability. The
degree of leakage can be estimated by the natural alignment angle ps. For mineral
fertilizers, ps = 30°-55°. Fertilizers with high hygroscopicity are crushed before being
spread on the field, and their flowability is restored. The friction angle of fertilizers
with steel tin is φ = 27°-45° (friction coefficient φ =0.5-1.0). Since the powdery
fertilizer has a natural angle of convergence ps < 35°, it can pour freely through the
hole at the bottom of its container. For this reason, a machine that uses a calibrated
slot should be selected to spread such fertilizer. If пс = 40°, a doser is used that scatters
the fertilizer over the tank wall. When пс ≥ 90°, the fertilizer does not spill out of the
hole in the container, so a meter is chosen to sprinkle it over when spreading.
The bottom of such a quantifier moves up and continuously conveys the fertilizer
up. The working part installed on top of the fertilizer layer spreads it evenly.
Depending
on the level of decomposition, the natural angle of integration of organic
fertilizer is п = 40-50°, the angle of friction with steel is φ = 40-45°. Liquid nitrogen
fertilizers are several times cheaper than dried ones, but working with them is
dangerous: anhydrous ammonia is poisonous and prone to explosion[1,6].
It evaporates quickly even at atmospheric pressure and positive ambient
temperature (boiling temperature minus 33°), therefore,
it is recommended to use
special machines for anhydrous ammonia. Methods of fertilization. Fertilizers are
applied to the ground before planting (main), during planting, after planting (feeding).
In the main fertilizing, the annual rate of organic fertilizer is full, more than half of the
annual rate of mineral fertilizer is scattered on the field, and soil tillage machines
(miller, plow, cultivator, harrow, etc.)) mixed with soil to a depth of 10-20 cm. At the
time of planting, the fertilizer is applied simultaneously with the seeds with the help of
a universal seeder, but 5-10 cm deeper than the seeds or 5-10 cm to the side from the
seeds in order not to burn the seedling roots. Plant feeding is done before watering. To
carry out the method of fertilizing, machines are used that grind the fertilizer, sprinkle
it on the ground, apply fertilizer continuously or locally in relation to the plant row.
Seeders, centrifugal spreaders, manure spreaders and silt sprinklers are used to
spread mineral fertilizer on the surface of the earth. Liquid ammonia fertilizers should
be made in a narrow ditch, poured into it and immediately buried with soil 10-15 cm
thick, otherwise most of it will fly into the air. Agrotechnical requirements. The lumps
of mineral fertilizer applied to the ground should be crushed into 1-5 mm particles, the
moisture content should not exceed 15%. The machines should be able to spread
mineral fertilizer at 50-1000 kg/ha, and organic fertilizer at 5-60 t/ha.
The machine must provide fertilizer burial to the specified depth (difference
±15%). Mineral fertilizer should be buried in the soil within 12 hours,
and organic
fertilizer within 2 hours, so that useful elements do not decompose. Nowadays, after
planting, only mineral fertilizers are used as feed between the rows, which leads to a
Международный научный журнал № 7(100), часть 2
«Научный Фокус» ноября, 2023
263
decrease in the porosity of the soil, and the crops we eat are saturated with harmful
chemicals. . In order to prevent these problems, a local fertilization device is installed
between the rows [7].
This device consists of the following parts (Figure 3):
Figure 3. Kinematic production of fertilizer production included in the series
1-
hill; 2-fertilizer falling power; 3 - bunker; 4-screw axis; 5- screw; 6-chain
transmission.
My device is mainly adapted to apply fertilizer to 5 rows. it takes from the
tractor's rear drive transmission mechanism, it is connected to the tractor by three
points. According to their structure, augers are divided into single, winged, ribbon and
shaped types[6,7].
Figure 4. Types of augers
a)
integral; b) tape; c) feathered; g) fashionable
These augers are used to grind local fertilizers and ensure that the fertilizer falls
between the augers, that is, the pipes direct the fertilizer. The advantage of this device
is that it provides the land with the same consistency as the local fertilizer, which is a
very low cost and a good harvest in the future.