Particularly
Host
Markup
Intended
Ambiguous
Precisely
EXERCISE 6
Find a word in the text that has the same or similar meaning to the italicized word:
Synthetic language,
To fulfill the same set of algorithms,
Conduct (n) of a machine,
Single out (v) the external behaviour,
Specifically (adv) a computer,
Assist (v) in communication,
demand (v) a greater degree of precision,
Exact (adj) and make small errors,
Characteristics (n) consider certain requirements,
To be performed (v ) (about the program),
Purpose (n) of the language.
EXERCISE 7
Open brackets and use active or passive form of the verb. Consult the text if necessary.
1.Thousands of different programming languages (to have created), and new ones (to create) every year.
2.Computer programs (to instruct) a computer to perform computation, and to organize the flow of control between external devices.
3.Programming languages (to differ) from natural languages in that natural languages only (to use) for interaction between people.
4.In some cases, the programming languages (to use) by one program or machine to program another.
5.HTML or BNF languages usually (not/to consider) programming languages.
6. Unlike most forms of human expression, programming languages (to require) precision and completeness.
7. Computers (to do) exactly what they (to talk) to do.
EXERCISE 8
Complete the sentences using correct passive or active form of the verb after a modal verb.
1.A programming language (can/use) to control the behaviour of the computer.
2.Programming languages (may/contain) elements to define data structures or to control the flow of execution.
3.The combination of the language definition (must/specify) fully the external behaviour that occurs when the program is executed.
4.Languages are classified according to computations they (can/express).
5.However, computers (not/can/ understand) what the programmer ‘intends’ to write.
6.The same set of algorithms (can/implement) into all Turing complete languages.
EXERCISE9
Read and translate the following text using the dictionary. Choose the right meaning and open brackets. Title the text.
Many languages have been designed (from scratch/ from the beginning), altered to meet new needs, combined with other languages, and eventually fallen into disuse. Although there have been attempts to design one (universal/wide-spread) computer language that serves all purposes, all of them have failed to be accepted in this role. The need for (different /diverse) computer languages arises from the diversity of contexts in which languages are used:
One common (direction/ trend) in the development of programming languages has been to add more ability to solve problems using a higher level of abstraction. The earliest programming languages were (fastened/ tied) very closely to the underlying hardware of the computer. As new programming languages have developed, features have been added that let programmers express (ideas/thoughts) that are more removed from simple translation into underlying hardware instructions. Because programmers are less tied to the needs of the computer, their programs can do more computing with less (effort/attempt) from the programmer. This lets them write more programs in the same (quantity/amount) of time.
Natural language processors have been (proposed/nominated) as a way to eliminate the need for a specialized language for programming. However, this (goal/intention) remains distant and its benefits are open to debate.
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