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Text 7A Review of the Russian medieval cadastre The Russian medieval cadastres had been a kind of routine regular survey. Land descriptions of the whole state or separate provinces were planned and fulfilled by the staff of the Estate Administration. Each expedition sent by an administrative unit to collect land use data included at least two senior officials (usually an experienced chancery official and a wealthy aristocrat) and few junior officials for whom it was a kind of practice. All the expeditions received special written or- ders from the tzar and had the right to check land property documents, to solve land disputes of local landlords, in some cases even to confis- cate estate. These decisions could be changed only by the special tzar orders. A record in the cadastral book had usually been the best proof of property rights. The cadastral officials used to compare contempo- rary land use with the documents of the previous survey. That is why it is often possible to find brief data of a previous survey in the books of the next one. From the end of the XVth century Pomestnyi Prikaz (Administra- tion of Estates) undertook regular surveys of the lands of Moscow State. During these surveys there were created descriptions of the whole state and its separate provinces. These descriptions (pistsovye knigi) included a number of peasants in each village of the estate, quantity of arable and meadowlands, approximate data on forests. Be- ing improved from one survey to another, late descriptions of the 66 XVIIth century demonstrate distinguished and complicated feudal tax cadastre. They evaluated land estates in two-steps way taking into consid- eration quantity of productive arable lands measured in a very accu- rate way. Next step was the evaluation of arable soil quality: good, medium or poor. After that the data on quality had been recalculated in exact proportion into special units of agricultural productivity of the estate. Land taxes and vassal obligations served as the basement of ad- ministrative, financial and military life of the Moscow State in the XVI-XVII th centuries. These duties were determined in accordance with the quantity and feudal status of land holding and its agricultural value. The state itself did not carry out any important economic pro- jects. Stability of central administration, power and wealth of Moscow state depended on prosperity of peasantry paying taxes and landlords serving for the state with their vassal. Surveyors took into considera- tion feudal status of the land holding they described. The data on agri- cultural productivity of estates had been recalculated once more into special tax units (sokha) in order to reflect status of the landlords. Land cadastre of that period had been the tax cadastre – evaluation of settled and exploited lands. It dealt with arable and hayfield lands, sometimes with fisheries, apiaries, hunting estates of tzars. Virgin for- ests, empty lands and marches attracted no attention of estate survey- ors. This situation reflected abundance of agricultural resources and low density of peasant population. This shows the level of geographi- cal knowledge of that period: despite the fact that major waterways and roads had been described and well-known, contemporaries of Ivan the Terrible or Boris Godunov seemed to be unaware of endless Rus- sian forests as foreign ambassadors and merchants had been on their way to the capital of Moscovy. Contemporary documents showed that even wealthy native aristocracy could go astray while travelling in the forests of the Central Russia. Besides numerous surveys carried out by the Moscow Administra- tion of Estates, many wealthy landlords compiled cadastral descrip- tions of their lands: sovereign Great Princes, Archbishops, monaster- ies. The system of a land cadastre of the XVI-XVII th centuries used the old-fashioned methods of direct land measuring in area units when 67 contemporary European countries began to use land charts and maps. But there existed a couple of archival documents showing the use of charts and plans in medieval cadastres. The general level of mapmak- ing could be seen from the published translations of books on geome- try and land measuring, allowed at least to presume the technical pos- sibility of the brief land mapping of Central Russia. All this proves the similarity of medieval Russian land cadastres and continental cadastral system. жүктеу/скачать 0.91 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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