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Cadastre in West Europe 
For historical reasons, there are basic similarities among all the ca-
dastres of Western Europe. They are all, in one way or another, based 
on the principles of the French cadastre as defined by Napoleon early 
in the nineteenth century. A basic principle was that it should consist 
of the two main parts: a verbal description and a map showing the lo-
cations and boundaries of all land units. The maps were established 
systematically, area by area, by relatively uniform cadastral surveys, 
which produced not only the maps but also the field notes on which 
they were based. The unique cadastral number of each land unit – 
normally the parcel rather than the farm unit – served as a link be-
tween map and description. Since the main purpose was taxation, the 
original cadastre was arranged according to the names of the owners, 
showing each owner's parcels with area, land use, arranged according 
to the numbers of the parcels. 
An important feature of these developments is the connection be-
tween the cadastre and the land register. In Germany, Austria, Swit-
zerland and the Netherlands, there is nowadays a very close link be-
tween cadastres and land registers. In the Netherlands, both are main-
tained by the same organization in common offices. In other countries 
mentioned above, the legal units used in the land registers are also 
identical with the cadastral units or combinations of them. Because of 
the unique definitions in the cadastral records and maps, it has been 
possible to introduce systems of title registration with a high degree of 
security and reliability in all these countries. 
In France – the mother country of the cadastre – the unification of 
the cadastre and the land register has not progressed as far. For one 
thing, the French cadastre is not as comprehensive nor is it maintained 
in quite the same way as in the aforementioned countries. It also has 
less legal validity, and is still mainly a fiscal cadastre lacking the very 
close link between cadastre and legal land registers. 
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A common trait in all of Western Europe is that the cadastre pro-
vides systematic coverage of the entire territory, and that collected and 
recorded data are continually updated. Parcels are described according 
to their uses, square measures and taxation values, their buildings and 
topography; ownership is recorded; links to other administrative regis-
ters and files are established. A general trend is that the original fiscal 
aspect of the cadastre is becoming less and less pronounced, while its 
role as the basis of a general land information system is assuming in-
creasing importance. 
In all Western European countries, cadastral maps are used for 
many purposes. In Switzerland, for example, the towns often produce 
extremely accurate municipal maps based on cadastral information. 
The integration of cadastral surveys with other kinds of large scale 
mapping for urban purposes is a common trend in other countries 
within the region as well. With regard to the cadastral survey, there 
has generally been a trend towards using increasingly accurate meth-
ods, and at the same time, assigning more and more weight to the de-
marcation of boundaries and to agreements between the owners. 
While cadastral maps were originally of the "island map" type, de-
picting only the cadastral block or section in question, they now in-
creasingly take the form of "comprehensive maps" covering a stan-
dard-sized map sheet. This is partly a consequence of the transforma-
tion from taxation cadastres to multipurpose cadastres. It is also due to 
the fact that nowadays all cadastral surveys in Western Europe are 
adapted to a national grid with a common co-ordinate system. It is, 
therefore, also possible to integrate cadastral surveying and general 
topographical surveying, and to use a common sheet division for both 
types of surveys. 
The administration of the cadastre is organized in a variety of ways 
in different countries. In Germany and the Netherlands, the cadastral 
authorities were initially government officers connected to the Minis-
try of Finance. But as a consequence of the expanded function of the 
cadastre as the basis of a multipurpose land information system, the 
Dutch cadastre, for example, was reorganized as a separate division 
within the Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environ-
ment. In other countries like France, Switzerland and Belgium, the 
principle work of cadastral surveying is left to licensed surveyors. 
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