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and regardless of the nature of the land, it provided a complete record 
of all land units within the area – including unique identification – and 
defined these units on comprehensive maps. To attain this goal, cadas-
tres and land registers must be kept simple, and must be concentrated 
on the essentials. Furthermore, the work must have a solid foundation. 
Even if conditions are changed over time, if new aspects have become 
relevant, if new political winds have started to blow, the process must 
still continue along the same main lines until it is finished. Costs must 
be kept reasonable in relation to expected medium-term benefits. This 
is more important than producing a product which is technically per-
fect. There are many examples in Europe of cadastral systems which 
have been stopped or delayed because of faltering political support. 
Even in France – the cradle of the European cadastre – it was difficult 
to complete and maintain the cadastre. 
Cadastres were created with the aim of improving the basis for 
land taxation, and land register were established to make land transac-
tions more secure. Initially they were independent of each other, but 
they have become increasingly interrelated, and are used with increas-
ing frequency for purposes other than the original ones. It has taken a 
long time, however, for most European countries to reach this point. 
Difficulties arose since the original records were not designed as parts 
of common information systems, and because their maintenance was 
entrusted to different organizations. It is, therefore, essential that the 
goals of multiple usage and integration will be adopted the conception 
of a modern cadastral/land information system. 
If land records develop along these lines, the chosen cadastral unit 
will become important in many connections. If legal land registration, 
as well as other land records are based on the same unit, the unit will 
assume considerable legal and practical importance. In most countries 
with well-developed cadastral/land information systems, subdivision 
or other changes in the cadastral unit require formal legal proceedings 
and, as a rule, re-surveying. Private changes or subdivisions made 
without formal proceedings are not accepted or given legal status. A 
conclusion drawn from European experiences is that the land unit 
tends to become a legal entity protected by law. 
A cadastre/land register must cover an entire geographical area in 
order to provide essential benefits from a public point of view. Seen 
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from the viewpoint of the private owner, even a sporadic register can 
be useful, as it can provide protection for his interests.
Finally, the rapid rate of change in existing European systems, es-
pecially during the last two decades, shows clearly that the design of 
cadastral/land registration systems must be future oriented. This ap-
plies to technical aspects as well as to the fundamental principles of 
the system. Less-developed countries must, therefore, carefully con-
sider and evaluate all experiences which can be obtained from other 
countries. An example is automation. It is often doubtful whether it 
should be introduced from the beginning. Today's systems and struc-
tures must be planned in such a way that necessary changes are easy 
to make tomorrow. 
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