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tral and other records were usually arranged according to the names of 
the current owners. The records in many countries are still indexed in 
this way, which makes searches difficult as ownership changes. In 
Western countries the cadastres/land registers are increasingly being 
indexed according to the more enduring entity of the land unit itself, 
identified by maps and unit number. 
A cadastre/land register must cover an entire geographical area in 
order to provide essential benefits from a public point of view. Seen 
from the viewpoint of the private owner, even a sporadic register can 
be useful, as it can provide protection for his interests.
To fulfil the public goal of establishing complete land records 
within the area in question, the inclusion of every land unit must be 
compulsory. Experiences show that voluntary registration is insuffi-
cient for establishing comprehensive land records, even in the long 
term. To satisfy the public goal, the establishment of the records must 
generally be undertaken systematically, area by area. In practice this 
means that the costs of establishing the records should be initiated
mainly by the government. This is quite logical as comprehensive re-
cords are primarily a public interest, at least in the short term. This 
also applies to mapping. The preparation of comprehensive, registra-
tion index maps cannot be financed by private landowners. 
In developing countries, the resources available for establishing 
different kinds of land information systems are usually meager. This 
was also true in many European countries during the nineteenth cen-
tury. Therefore we have many examples of how cadastres/land regis-
ters were started in a very simple way, and then were developed pro-
gressively into smoothly operating systems. Sweden and Finland pro-
vide two such examples. The German adaptation of a system of titles 
instead of a system of deeds at the end of the nineteenth century is an-
other example. 
Every land information system must be able to adapt to new devel-
opments and new aims in the future. It must, therefore, be possible to 
add new types of data, and to make changes. This applies to the tech-
nical details as well. For example the numbering system of the land 
units must be constructed so as not to become too cumbersome to use 
even after long chains of subdivisions. This is unfortunately not al-
ways taken into consideration at the start and may be difficult to 
change later on. 
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One of the most important factor is that the registration of all 
transactions in land must be compulsory. For transactions involving a 
change in boundaries, there should be simple, but mandatory proce-
dures to ensure that all changes are surveyed and mapped before regis-
tration takes place. 

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