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Text 7B 
Changes in Russian Cadastre 
An epoch of Peter I is a turning point in the Russian history. But 
the character of the changes is more difficult to be defined. The well-
known view of Petеr's reign as westernization, the turn from Asian, 
stagnant, introspective Moscow Rus towards the Europe of the New 
Ages does not reflect the whole picture. The European influence was 
great indeed, but something in the nature of the Russian state the 
Great Reformer left does not allow considering it European in full 
sense of the word. 
The historical studies at the beginning of the XXI st century 
showed that there had been much in common between the social insti-
tutions of Middle Ages Moscow Rus and Western Europe, especially 
in the social organization of rural parish. Russian philosophers of the 
XIX th century stated that a totally original character of pre-Petrine 
Russian culture, society and state had greatly differed from the Euro-
pean ones. The reasons for it can be seen either in endless forestry 
plains of ancient Russia or in specific character of Orthodox faith. 
The first Emperor of Russia had been responsible for the start of 
magnificent projects of state building, imperial ideology and merciless 
way of bringing all this into practice. Some authors tried to justify the 
cruel methods, which were too well known to him. Such interpretation 
of the history was more or less appreciated by the official ideology. 
One could understand the desire to reexamine the epoch of Peter 
the Great today, when the same facts could be seen as different in the 
mirror of current changes in Russia. Certainly, the historical facts of 
this period had been already carefully studied, though important ar-
chival documents and facts could be discovered yet. 
Comparing the Russian cadastral surveys of the XVI-XVII th cen-
turies with those of the XVIII th century one can follow the changes in 
the nature and purposes of the cadastre. The XVI-XVII th centuries 
"pistsovye knigi" have changed into documents and maps of land and 
forest cadastres and few other geographical surveys of cadastral char-
acter in the XVIII-th century. 
Land tax had been replaced with poll tax. Despite this old feudal 
system remained untouched and the Moscow government continued to 
collect statistical descriptions of its principality in order to check the 
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fulfillment of vassals dues and for distribution of empty lands. The 
last important action of the Administration of Estates of that period 
had been the Total Bordering (Valovoie Mezhevanie) which examined 
all administrative units of contemporary Moscow tsardom. For the 
first time the aim was set of state bordering and not only of measur-
ing. It was connected with transformation of farming system with the 
stable borders of parcels and estates. At the same time this aim 
showed the new level of geographical knowledge and demand. 

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