Пособие по английскому языку для студентов
Прочтите текст 7С, переведите его и раскройте со-
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| 17. Прочтите текст 7С, переведите его и раскройте со-
держание рассматриваемых в нем проблем. Text 7C Peter's reforms Before Peter the Great land relations in the Moscow state did not lose its feudal nature. It means tight mutual dependence of central government, peasantry, aristocracy, nobility, dependence of Moscow from the economic development of the territories and prosperity of all estates, elements of self-governing of administrative units. A kind of legal treaty between the tsar and landlords formed the basement of the civil and military service and financial system. All this is an indirect evidence of classes representative system – a kind of feudal "democ- racy". This was the system replaced by the tsar-reformer. Peter's reforms meant the end of the old order. State building pro- jects of Peter I, his political and economic projects, building of navy and re-organization of the army, mining and industry development, studying of the natural waterways and projects of channels – all this caused the centralization of power, unknown before. The old order of state and military service were unable to satisfy the growing demands for qualified and numerous authorities corresponding to the complex- ity of the aims of the reign. But one of the main things was the impos- sibility of feudal system to answer the increasing demand for civil and military staff due to the decreasing land resources, which served as the "payment" for state service earlier. Politically weak vassal and tax classes were unable to resist the energy of the tsar. The state economy, pressed by necessity of urgent changes, in- creased day by day. Practically all economic projects (including mili- tary) had been based on the rich resources belonging to the state or 72 quasi-state enterprises with forests, mines and slaves enclosed to them, such as baron Stroganov's tremendous estate in Siberia or - some time later – Demidov's iron plants in Ural mountains. The de- mand for natural resources was growing constantly. The forests were to satisfy the needs of navy and metallurgic industry, peasantry should also serve as a resource for magnificent state building. Peter's concep- tion of modernization did not care about the majority of Russians. The rights of the classes had been strongly restricted, the basement of common rights regulating the relations between vassals and supreme power decreased. The development of serfdom and growing pressure of peasant commons against the individuals is often seen as the result of Peter's reform. It is obvious that Peter's reforms have raised from the urgent de- mands of state management during the war. Peter I had no definite concept of "westernization". One can hardly believe that this practi- cally-minded man could be interested in the largely abstract ideas of introducing the foreign culture as well as different social, administra- tive and management methods. жүктеу/скачать 0.91 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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