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the nationalization of forest resources. Only at the reign of Ekaterina 
II liberalization of the forest status took place and in 1802 Forest De-
partment became the body of the Ministry of Finances. 
All the timber forests were examined and mapped by the officers. 
All the oaks, lime-trees and pines were counted and measured. It was 
a forest doomsday indeed. Hundreds of large-scale maps and charts, 
accompanied with tabular statistics were prepared. Later these docu-
ments served as the source for general forest atlases such as well-
known "General Atlas of various kinds of forests" from the Hermitage 
Collection of Manuscript Department of the National Library in Pe-
tersburg. These surveys were carried out even where forests were nev-
er used later. 
The fact that forest surveys were surprisingly detailed and exact so 
deserved special attention. Taking into consideration that large-scale 
mapping had been new in the practice of Russian state management, 
we could see the importance of forest surveys for Peter's administra-
tion. It makes clear the great shipbuilding plans of Admiralty and Pe-
ter himself, this "Sailor and carpenter", as he was called by Pushkin. 
The mapped resources of timber forests were much more than the real 
forest consumption and shipbuilding had ever been at that time or lat-
er. 
The technology of the forest mapping is well known. It was largely 
borrowed from the western mapmaking. The aim of Peter's cadastres – 
navy building – is similar to the one of Colbert's, who managed the 
French crown estates at the same way. But if the Colbert cadastres 
managed only forests of the crown, all the Russian forests in practice 
belonged to the crown for almost a century after implementation of 
Peter's cadastre. This nationalization seems to have nothing in com-
mon with European management of natural resources. 
Land cadastres could be opposed to the forest ones. Highly devel-
oped in the XVI-XVII th centuries, it degraded during Peter's reign. 
The reason for it was not the tax reform, but the transformation of 
feudal state into highly centralized bureaucratic system. Regular land 
surveys did not take place any more despite the fact that landed nobil-
ity remained the source for recruiting military and civil statesmen. The 
land property of nobility giving them independence was considered as 
an obstacle to their state service. The implementation of obligatory 
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strict forms of state service for nobility is a confirmation of this state-
ment. 
Despite the large map surveys of Peter's geodesists in the internal 
provinces of Russia, where most of land estates were situated, these 
maps do not reflect land property rights, as well as land use and evalu-
ation. These documents are similar to the later surveys of Russian 
frontier and colonial territories of Crimea, Siberia, Mid-Asia. The 
main aim of those is the use of maps for the effective state manage-
ment and the search for additional natural resources. 
The emergence of "resource" paradigm in Russian geography and 
implementation of resource cadastres instead of tax ones is the result 
of Peter's modernization. For long time till now these traits of Russian 
geographical knowledge remained linked with the active reforms car-
ried out by the central power. Though the scientific basis of forest ca-
dastre of Peter I – the most remarkable of his cadastres – had been 
borrowed from the European science, this stresses the original way of 
natural resources management. 
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