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| 4. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык следующий
текст: Text 12A How is the Planning process described in the laws The Russian Code spends most of its details on the technical proc- esses of creating plans and urban development documentation. Detail is included which is intended to guide the bureaucratic organizations and the planning institutes and professionals in the ways in which they should go about creating plans. This includes descriptions of the con- tent of the mandatory section plans, interrelation of the urban devel- opment plans with other actions of governmental authorities as well as the processes of mandatory "expertization." Similarly, there is great detail in describing the tasks and powers of bureaucratic units. By contrast the "western" laws contain very little detail about the technical methods by which plans are to be compiled and the specific authority of bureaucratic units to engage in tasks related to the plan- ning work. It is assumed that these are technical and managerial issues 121 to be treated in sub-legislation and worked out by the senior managers of the governmental administration. A strong example of these differences can be seen in the way the laws describe the municipal general plan. This is a common feature of all the laws and, in general terms the plans all have the same purpose. They link a spatial plan with a plan of infrastructure, transport and public facility needs. The spatial plan describes the best pattern of land uses from the standpoint of land capacity, density of settlement and good urban de- sign. But the plan of infrastructure, transport and public facility needs is based on an estimation of economic calculations and efficient sys- tem design and functioning. Despite the differences, however, the planning and urban devel- opment laws of the "western" countries reflect similar concepts of law-drafting and the structure of legislation. These can be character- ized in the following ways: - the laws (as opposed to the sub-legislation and local regulation) accomplish two primary purposes: 1. they authorize or mandate the pertinent government administrations to engage in planning and land use regulation; 2. they define the status of these government actions in relation to the legal rights and responsibilities of landowners and land users, individuals and juridical entities and citizens generally; - the laws assume that the predominant form of landholding in ur- ban area is private ownership and that most actions, which result in new development or re-development, are civil law/market transac- tions. The plans and regulations are intended to guide these private ac- tions, and the state and municipal investments in infrastructure and public facilities are to support them. Except in the special case of re- developing obsolete areas, government actions are not intended to re- place private actions to determine how and when to invest in the use and development of specific parcels of land; - the laws do not define the specific methodologies for planning or fix the content of plans, except with respect to broad categories of subject matter. These are technical issues, which the experts, local of- ficials and citizens will work out. The laws anticipate that there will be disagreements; therefore, they provide procedures for coordination, mediation and public participation. The laws are not used to give one group of experts control over the planning process, excluding others; 122 - the laws are not intended to fix the power relationship among sub-units of the government administrations. These are management issues. The responsibilities to carry out planning and regulatory tasks are given to the chief executor (governor, mayor) or to one or more ministers. They have the responsibility to organize (or re-organize) the subordinate units to accomplish the tasks most efficiently. жүктеу/скачать 0.91 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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