Практикум по английскому языку для студентов специальности «Государственное и муниципальное управление»
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Plutarch ['pluːˌta:rk] – Плутарх;Lord Nelson [lɔːd 'nels(ə)n] – Лорд Нельсон. 4. Form derivatives according to the models.
Grammar 5. Find out the Gerund in the sentences below, define the form and the function. 1. Leadership theories relied on considering behavior, power, charisma, and intelligence. 2. Famous philosophers explored the question of distinguishing an individual as a leader. 3. Some individuals have interest in learning leadership skills. Reading and Analysis 6. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions. Text ALeadership and its Early HistoryLeadership is "organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal". The leader may or may not have any formal authority. Students of leadership have produced theories involving traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision and values, charisma, and intelligence among others. The search for the characteristics or traits of leaders has been ongoing for centuries. History's greatest philosophical writings from Plato's Republic to Plutarch's Lives have explored the question of "What qualities distinguish an individual as a leader?" Underlying this search was the early recognition of the importance of leadership and the assumption that leadership is rooted in the characteristics that certain individuals possess. This idea that leadership is based on individual attributes is known as the "trait theory of leadership". For decades, this trait-based perspective dominated empirical and theoretical work in leadership. Using early research techniques, researchers conducted over a hundred studies proposing a number of characteristics that distinguished leaders from nonleaders: intelligence, dominance, adaptability, persistence, integrity, socioeconomic status, and self-confidence just to name a few. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, however, researchers took a drastically different view of the driving forces behind leadership. It was found that while some traits were common across a number of studies, the overall evidence suggested that persons who are leaders in one situation may not necessarily be leaders in other situations. Subsequently, leadership was no longer characterized as an enduring individual trait posited that individuals can be effective in certain situations, but not others. This approach dominated much of the leadership theory and research for the next few decades. 7. Review the terminology of the text: теория лидерства, представление, основанное на теории качеств, официальные полномочия, проницательность, индивидуальные отличительные черты, теория качеств (черт) руководителя, отличительная черта, постоянная характеристика, методика исследований, движущая сила, уверенность в себе, социально-экономическое положение, практические и теоретические работы. 8. Complete the following sentences using the text. 1. Leadership is organizing a group of … . 2. The search for the characteristics of leaders … . 3. Leadership is rooted in the characteristics that … . 4. The idea that leadership is based on individual attributes is known as … . 5. Using early research techniques, researchers conducted over a hundred studies to distinguish … . 6. In the middle of the 20th century researchers took a different view of … . 7. It is posited that individuals can be effective in certain … . 9. Answer the following questions. 1. What is the definition of the term «leadership»? 2. Do all leaders have formal authority? 3. What kind of theories have the students of leadership produced? 4. Is the search for the traits of leaders an ongoing process? 5. What famous philosophers explored the qualities of leaders? 6. What was the early assumption of leadership? 7. What are the characteristics that distinguish leaders from nonleaders? 8. What was the view of the driving forces behind leadership in the late 1940s and early 1950s? 10. Write a summary of the text above. Vocabulary 11. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:
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