Р. П. Мильруд Доктор педагогических наук, профессор кафедры иностранных языков

All of these are examples of hypotheses because they use the tentative word “may”. However, their form is not 
quite correct. Using the word “may” does not suggest how you would go about proving it. If these statements had not 
been written carefully, they may not have even been hypotheses at all. For example, if we say “Trees will change color 
when it gets cold” we are making a prediction. Or if we write "Ultraviolet light causes skin cancer", we make a conclu-
sion. One way to prevent making such easy mistakes is to formalize the form of the hypothesis. 
Formalized hypothesis examples: 
If leaf color change is related to temperature, then exposing plants to low temperatures will result in changes in 
leaf color. 
If skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light, then people with a high exposure to uv light will have a higher fre-
quency of skin cancer. 
Notice that these statements contain the words, if and then. They are necessary in a formalized hypothesis.
Formalized hypotheses contain two variables. One is "independent" and the other is "dependent." The independent 
variable is the one the scientist controls and the dependent variable is the one the scientist observes and/or measures. In the 
statements above the dependent variable is printed in italics and the independent variable is underlined. The ultimate value 
of a formalized hypothesis is that it forces us to think about what results we should look for in an experiment. 
7. The conclusions are the results of research findings. Usually the conclusions follow the order:
– conclusion on whether the research goal has been achieved; 
– conclusion on whether the hypothesis has been proved or not; 
– conclusion on whether each research task has been fulfilled; 
– conclusions on what has been found in fulfilling every research task; 
– conclusion on additional findings during the research; 
– conclusion on further prospects to continue the research. 
8. Evaluation of the research paper is done out of 100 %. Each item of evaluation is assessed out of 10 %. In all 
there are 10 items of evaluation: 
− innovative subject; 
− forceful hypothesis; 
− concrete research goal; 
− clear research tasks; 
− adequate methods of research; 
− detailed presentation of data; 
− convincing interpretation; 
− well grounded novel conclusions; 
− complete bibliography list; 
− perfect format. 
If your research paper scores less than 65 % it is “non-pass” and will have to be improved. A satisfactory result is up 
to 80 %. Between 80 % and 95 % is a good grade. An excellent result is 95 % and over.

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