Шет тілдері факультеті Шет тілдері практикалық курсы кафедрасы АҒылшын тілі «География» мамандығы бойынша студенттердің практикалық сабағына арналған әдістемелік құрал Павлодар

2.5 нұсқа

Russia is in a better position than many other countries in terms of its mineral and raw material deposits. It occupies the first place in the world in estimated deposits of iron and manganese ores, titanium, nickel, lead, and molybdenum. Russia has about half the world’s resources of coal, peat, potassium salt, and at least 30 per cent of the oil and gas.

The world mineral reserves are enormous and run into millions, billions and even trillions of tons. However, they are not infinite and some deposits become depleted when they are intensively exploited.

Various and often contradictory estimates exist as to how long the different raw materials will last. According to some of them, iron resources will last for 250 years, chromium resources for 95 years, copper for 30 years, coal for 500 years, and oil and gas for 70 years. Other predictions exist, but one thing is clear: mineral deposits will last only for a limited, not very lengthy period. We must conserve and make rational use of mineral resources.

Prospecting for new deposits occurs in all countries and new reserves of minerals are discovered every year. In recent years, Russia has applied the most modern techniques of prospecting for mineral deposits on a wide scale. Precise and highly sensitive apparatus is used to study mineral resources, observations are made, and various kinds of photographs taken from outer space. Distant probes from outer space function on the basis that all natural formations reflect, absorb or radiate electromagnetic waves of a definite frequency and intensity. These waves can be registered by the appropriate receptors on spacecraft. Together with the data obtained by conventional geological methods, the information from outer space provides the material vital for understanding the pattern of ores, oil and coal distribution on the earth and enables us to discover promising new areas of mineral deposits.

In Russia, the last 30 years have been marked by particularly important geological discoveries which have considerably expanded our knowledge of mineral and raw material resources. They are the discovery of the world’s largest oil and gas reserves in the Volga and Urals regions and West Siberian Lowland, copper and nickel ore deposits in Norilsk area, tin and tungsten ores in the Far East, rich polymetallic ores in Krasnoyarsk Territory and Buryat Autonomous Republic, and iron ores in the area of Kursk magnetic anomaly and in Kustanai region.

Coal was the main fuel at the turn of the century, but of late coal consumption has increased relatively slowly, and its share in world energy consumption has fallen. This is temporary situation, however, because the role of coal as a source of energy will increase as the supplies of oil and gas are depleted. In order to picture the world reserves of coal, suffice it to point out that of the 12,560,000 million tons of standard fuel in the earth’s bowels, 11,200,000 million accounts for coal.

Coal reserves are unevenly distributed among the countries: most of them are in Asia, North America and Europe. Russia has more coal mines than any other country in the world. The coal reserves of Russia exceed 8.7x10 tons including a little over 5.1x10 tons of hard coal, or more than half of world coal reserves.

About 60 per cent of the coal mined in the country is now used in the production of electrical and thermal energy (and compressed air); only 19 per cent is used for heating. In future the requirements for coal will probably increase only in thermal and electric power production; more coal will be processed into liquid and gaseous fuel.

As coal will remain an important fuel for a long time to come, it is understandable that power engineers should turn their attention to Siberia where 90 per cent of the coal reserves is concentrated. So the coal industry will continue to be a key “power supply sector” of the country for many decades.

The largest coal-producing centre in Russia is the Kansk-Achinsk basin whose annual output at present is 50 million tons and is expected to go up to 1,000 million tons. The Kansk-Achinsk coal basin forms the basis of a fuel and energy complex (KAFEC) which comprises several thermal power stations.

The KAFEC will supply electric power to such major power-consuming plants as an aluminium plant at Kranoyarsk, an alumina plant and an oil refinery at Achinsk, hydrolysis and chemical plants, and a pulp and paper mill.

The development of the KAFEC, as that of the Kuznetsh, Pechora, Yuzhno-Yakutia and other coal basins in Siberia and the Far East, is a part of the Russia Energy Programme.

Мәтінге түсініктеме:

1) distribute - бөлу;

2) last - (уақыт кезеңіне) жету;

3) prospecting - іздеу, барлау;

4) precise - дәл;

5) reflect - тойтару;

6) frequency - жиілік;

7) promising - перспективалы;

8) temporary - уақытша;

9) supplies - қор;

10) account for - құрау;

11) mine - кен өндіру;

12) liquid fuel - суйық отын;

13) fuel and energy complex – отын-энергетикалық кешен;

14) oil refinery - мұнай өңдеу заводы

15) at the turn of the century - в начале века; ғасыр басында

16) hard coal - антрацит;

17) pulp and paper mill - целлюлозды-қағаз комбинаты

resources, figure, synthesize, toxicological, allergic respiratory, endocrine, integral, liquidation, vibration, magnetic, project, neutralizer, cylinder, control, minimize, commercial, limit

3.1 нұсқа

3.1.1 Мәтінді оқып, басты ойын анықтаңыз
Water Pollution
Ever since man progressed from a hunting to an agricultural society, with the corresponding development of stable communities, the phenomenon of water pollution has been his constant companion. As agricultural methods improved, a smaller percentage of the population produced all the food needed; larger communities and diverse secondary industries developed and grew into the present modern society. Concurrent with this growth, however, was the increasing percentage of waste materials and the problems of disposal. When the total volume of waste from a community was relatively small, the easiest method of disposal was to “throw it away”, usually into the nearest receptacle. Since man cannot exist without water, community development and city growth centered in areas where the water supplies were adequate and continuous. Initially this meant development in river valleys, and thus the nearest receptacle for wastes was the river.

The term “pollution” has been variously defined by many people, but if it be described here as “the detrimental effects on a localized ecological structure by the addition of the waste products of a society”, then it is apparent that the first noticeable pollution problems should have involved the supply of drinking water.

It is in this particular area that the question of pollution takes on a new meaning. Is a body of water polluted when it is directly affects man, or should it be classified as a polluted when the ecological structure is first upset? The hydrosphere is a dynamic system containing physiochemical and biological equilibrium, and there is no doubt that a normally active water way has a large capacity to assimilate wastes. However, in many areas this capacity to assimilate wastes. However, in many areas this capacity is now being reached or exceeded so that many waterways are becoming increasingly contaminated. Before this contamination becomes readily noticeable however, equilibrium will change and the ecological structure may be seriously affected. Some examples of water systems where the effects of pollution have become or are becoming increasingly apparent are the Adriatic, Baltic, and Mediterranean seas; the Thames, the Rhine, and other rivers; and the Great Lakes in America and Canada. But dynamic systems have a remarkable capacity for regeneration, and with careful planning even the most seriously polluted waterways may be brought back into full use. An example of river regeneration on a large scale is successful attempt to restore the Thames estuary.

Мәтінге түсініктеме:

1) community- қоғам;

2) concurrent- сәйкес келге;

3) supply- жабдықтау, қор;

4) upset- бүлдіру, тәртіп бұзу;

5) affect- әрекеттену, ықпал ету;

6) community development- қоғамның дамуы;

7) city growth- қаланың өсуі;

8) constant companion- тұрақты серік;

9) river valleys- өзендер алқабы;

10) polluted waterways- ластанған су жолдары;

11) river regeneration- өзеннің қайта қалпына келуі;

water supply- сумен жабдықтау.

3.1.2 Оқып, қазақ және орыс тілінде сондай түбірлі сөздерге ұқсас төменгі сөздердің мағынасын анықтаңыз

progress, stable, phenomenon, companion, adequate, localize, dynamic, equilibrium, assimilate

3.1.3 Төмендегі етістіктерден зат есімдер жасап, аударыңыз

contaminate, regenerate, pollute, describe, localize, classify, assimilate compose

3.1.4 Төмендегі сөйлемдерді мәтіннен алынған тиісті фразамен аяқтаңыз:

1) As agricultural methods improved, …. ;

2) Concurrent with this growth, however, was the increasing percentage of …;

3) Since man cannot exist without water, …;

4) It is in the particular area that the question of …;

5) The hydrosphere is a dynamic system containing … ;

6) But the dynamic systems have a remarkable capacity for ….
3.1.5 Past Indefinite және Future Indefinite-де төмендегі сөйлемдерді қолданыңыз:

Мысалы

In this particular area the question of pollution takes on a new meaning.

In that particular area the question of pollution took on a new meaning. In this particular area the question of pollution will take on a new meaning.

1) The hydrosphere is a dynamic system containing physiochemical and biological equilibrium, and there is no doubt that a normally active water way has a large capacity to assimilate wastes;

2) Dynamic systems have a remarkable capacity for regeneration;

3) An example of river regeneration on a large scale is successful attempt to restore the Thames estuary.

3.1.6 Мәтін бойынша сұрақтарға жауап беріңіз

1. What is the main idea of the text?

2. Why is the question of pollution takes on a new meaning nowadays?

3. The first noticeable pollution problem should have involved the supply of drinking water, shouldn’t it?

4. How do you understand the term “hydrosphere”?

5. In what way does physiochemical and biological equilibrium affect the ecological structure?

6. Give some examples of water systems where the effects of pollution have become apparent.
3.1.7 Предлогтарды қойыңыз

Since man cannot exist … water, community development and city growth centered … areas where the water supplies were adequate and continuous. term “pollution” has been variously defined … many people … many areas this capacity is now being reached or exceeded so that many waterways are becoming increasingly contaminated. Concurrent … this growth, however, was the increasing percentage … waste material sand the problems … disposal.

3.1.8 Төмендегі етістіктерден Simple Gerund Active құрыңыз

Мысалы

to improve – improving

to produce, to increase, to describe, to involve, to drink, to take, to pollute, to be, to reach, to become, to change, to pollute

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