Situation ethics the new morality by Joseph Fletcher Ситуативная этика

An Outline of Biblical Theology (The Westminster Press, 1946), pp. 163-164.

35 Article, "Morality, Situation," in Dictionary of Moral Theology, ed. by Francesco Cardinal Roberti and Msgr. Pietro Palazzini (The Newman Press, 1962), pp. 800-802.

36 Matt. 5:43-48 and ch. 22:34-40; Luke 6:27-28; 10:25-28 and vs. 29-37; Mark 12:28-34; Gal. 5:14; Rom. 13:8-10; etc.

37 Rudolf Bultmann, Essays Philosophical and Theological (The Macmillan Company, 1955), pp. 22, 154.

38 "The Lawyer as Scientist and Scoundrel," New York University Law Review, Vol. 36 (1961), p. 10.

39 J. M. Gustafson sees this clearly in "Context Versus Principle," loc. cit.; less clearly in "Christian Ethics," in Religion, ed. by Paul Ramsey (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965), pp. 285-354.

40 Honest to God, pp. 119-120.

41 Church Dogmatics (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1961), vol. Ill, Bk. 4, pp. 420-421.

42 Ethics, p. 185.

43 Cf. bibliography in Gustafson, "Context Versus Principle", loc. cit., pp. 171-173.

44 Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Vol. 44 (1952), pp. 413-519.

45 W. Burnett Easton, Jr., "Ethical Relativism and Popular Morality," Theology Today, Vol. 14 (1958), pp. 470-477.

46 J. H. Jacques, The Right and the Wrong (London: S.P.C.K., 1964), p. 13.

47 "Faith Effective Through In-Principled Love", Christianity and Crisis, Vol. XX (1960), pp. 76-78.

48 Christ and the Modern Conscience, tr. by Ronald Matthews (London: Geoffrey Chapman, Ltd., 1962), p. 126.

49 Prudence (London: Faber & Faber, Ltd., 1959), pp. 45, 48.

50 Cf. T. P. Coffee, "Moral Systems and a Defense of Compensationism", Anglican Theological Review, Vol. XLI (1959), pp. 199-211.

51 The Christian Commitment (London: Sheed & Ward, ltd., 1963), pp. 7-8.

52 Conscience and Its Problems (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd., 1927), p. 331.

53 Ibid., pp. 375-376.

54 Alan Keenan, O.F.M., and John Ryan, M.D., Marriage: Medical and Sacramental Study (Sheed & Ward, Inc., 1955), p. 53.

55 Ethics, p. 13 In.

56 See Peirce's Chance Love and Logic, ed. by Morris Cohen (Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1923), and Dewey's A Common Faith (Yale University Press, 1934).

57 Pragmatism (Longmans, Green & Co., Inc., 1907), p. 222; repeated The Meaning of Truth (Longmans, Green & Co., Inc., 1929), p. vii.

58 See Dewey's The Quest for Certainty (Minton, Balch & Co., 1929) and Ethics, with J. H. Tufts (Henry Holt, 1908); F.C.S. Schiller's Problems of Belief (London: Hodder & Stoughton, Ltd., 1924); G. H. Mead's Mind, Self, and Society (1934) and The Philosophy of the Act (1938), both ed. by C. W. Morris (The University of Chicago Press).

59 Letters and Papers from Prison, tr. by Reginald Fuller (The Macmillan Company, 1962), p. 21.

60 Pragmatism, p. 51.

61 Frontiers of Knowledge in the Study of Man (Harper & Brothers, 1956), pp. 302-315.

62 E.g., "symbol" in the myth concept of Biblical theologians and political scientists; "nondiscursive reason" in Zen literature, nonobjective art, and Gestalt psychology.

63 Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932.

64 Systematic Theology (The Chicago University Press, 1963), Vol. Ill, p. 47.

65 John B. Cobb, Jr., suggests a third, "existentialist," in his Living Options in Protestant Theology: A Survey of Methods (The Westminster Press, 1962) but it lacks discrete shape.

66 Human Society in Ethics and Politics (The New American Library of World Literature, Inc., 1962), p. viii.

67 Cf. Herbert Feigel, "De Principiis Non Disputandum," in Philosophical Analysis, ed. by Max Black (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1963), pp. 113-147.

68 A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), ed. by T. H. Green and T. H. Grose (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1874), Vol. II, pp. 245-246.

69 Human Conduct (Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1961), p. 584.

70 A fine essay on ethics as relational is H. R. Niebuhr, "The Center of Value," Moral Principles of Action, ed. by R. N. Anshen (Harper & Brothers, 1952), pp. 162-175.

71 The Divine Imperative, p. 194.

72 Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Vol. 45 (1953), p. 278.

73 Cf. Will Herberg, Four Existentialist Theologians (Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1958), and J. B. Coates, The Crisis of the Human Person (Longmans, Green & Co., Inc., 1949).

74 Nature, Man and God, p. 416.

75 Doing the Truth, rev. ed. (The Macmillan Company, 1965).

76 Principia Ethica (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), p. 5.

77 Thomas tied conscience to a faculty, synteresis; for a critique, see Eric D'Arcy, Conscience and the Right to Freedom (London: Sheed & Ward, Ltd., 1961).

78 Martin Heidegger calls conscience "the call of Nothing", i.e., of the ultimate in the finite. It is nothing, all right: no thing! Cf. Being and Time (Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1962), pp. 312-348.

79 The Complete Works of Mark Twain, ed. by Charles Neider (Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1964), Vol. I, p. 921.

80 C. A. Pierce, Conscience in the New Testament (London: Alec R. Allenson, Inc., 1955), pp. 84-90.

81 "The Problem of Conscience and the Twentieth Century Christian", in Ecumenical Dialogue, ed. by S. H. Miller and G. E. Wright (Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. 262-273.

82 Brunner, The Divine Imperative, p. 133. "The love of God, His surrender of Himself to man, comes to meet us in the Man Jesus. To love man means to be united to him in love. This alone is the Good."

83 Yale University Press, 1944, esp. ch. viii.

84 The Divine Imperative, pp. 194-195.

85 See Maurice B. Friedman, Martin Buber: The Life of Dialogue (The Chicago University Press, 1955), p. 20.

86 Nature and Values (Henry Holt & Company, Inc., 1945), p. 62.

87 Nature, Man and God, p. 211.

88 Christianity in Thought and Action (The Macmillan Company, 1936), p. 26.

89 Ethics, pp. 55-62.

90 Religious Experience (London: James Clarke & Company, Ltd., 1958), pp. 173-174.

91 A philosophical defense of the predicative concept is in Stephen Toulmin, An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950). He successfully attacks the "nonnatural" property thesis of G. E. Moore.

92 Christ and Culture (Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 15.

93 An Interpretation of Christian Ethics (Harper & Brothers, 1935), passim. In 1956 he said, "I am not. . . able to defend, or interested in defending, any position I took [in that book]" (Reinhold Niebuhr, ed. by C. W. Kegley and R. W. Bretall [The Macmillan Company, 1956], p. 435).

94 Church Dogmatics, Vol. Ill, Bk. 4, pp. 416-421.

95 Sermon, Eighteenth Sunday After Trinity, in "The Church Postil," Works, ed. by J. N. Linker (Luther House, 1905), Vol. V, p. 175.

96 "Enchiridion", Ch. 117, in Works, ed. by M. Dods (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1873), Vol. IX, p. 256.

97 Martin Heinecken, God in the Space Age (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1959), p. 168.

98 Christianity and the Contemporary Scene, ed. by R. C. Miller and H. M. Shires (Morehouse-Gorman Company, Inc., 1942), p. 119.

99 The Divine Imperative, p. 355.

100 See The Clergy Review, Vol. 40 (1955), pp. 170-174, 534-537.

101 Doing the Truth, pp. 40-42, 142.

102 The Divine Imperative, pp. 140—151.

103 Christian Renewal in a Changing World (Desclee Co., Inc., 1964), p. 19, and The Law of Christ, 2 vols. (The Newman Press, 1961 and 1963).

104 Conscience and Its Problems, pp. 351-352.

105 Gunther Bornkamm, ]esus of Nazareth (Harper & Brothers, 1960), p. 98.

106 Especially those who support the new morality or situation ethics.

107 Moral Theology in the Modern World (London: A. R. Mowbray & Company, Ltd., 1964), p. 44.

108 A less pretentious, more attractive notion is John Bennett's "common ground morality." It expresses the same hunger for universals but grounds them in cultural constants, not in nature or reality. Cf. "Christian Ethics and the National Conscience," Bell Lecture No. 6 (Boston University, 1965), pp. 13-18.

109 The Divine Imperative, p. 136.

110 C. B. Eavey, Principles of Christian Ethics (Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), p. 246; Kenneth Moore, O. Carm., American Ecclesiastical Review, Vol. 135 (1956), pp. 29-38.

111 Atlas Shrugged (Random House, Inc., 1957), p. 1033.

112 "Situational Morality", Thought, Vol. 32 (1957), pp.

113 Ep. Joan., vii. 5, in J. P. Migne, Patrahgiae cursus completus, series Latina (Paris: Gamier Fr., 1864), Vol. 35, col. 2033. "Semel ergo breve praeceptum tibi praecipitur, Dilige, et quod vis fac".

114 See Modern Library Edition (Random House, Inc., 1955), pp. 292-309.

115 See D. B. Stevick, Canon Law (The Seabury Press, Inc., 1965), pp. 158-159.

116 Quoted in J. A. Davidson, A New Look at Morals (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1964), p. 21.

117 Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology, Vol. I (1951), p. 153.

118 Morals of the Catholic Church," 26:25, in Philip Schaff, ed., Nicene and Ante-Nicene Fathers (Buffalo: Christian Literature Co., 1887), Vol. IV, p. 55.

119 What Luther Says, An Anthology, compiled by E. M. Plass (Concordia Publishing House, 1959), Vol. I, p. 90.

120 Luther's Works, Vol. 51, ed. and tr. by John W. Doberstein (Muhlenberg Press, 1959), p. 374.

121 Law and the Laws (Edinburgh: William Green & Son, Ltd., 1952), p. 115.

122 Basic Christian Ethics (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1950), p. 347.

123 Walter Rauschenbusch, Christianizing the Social Order (The Macmillan Company, 1912), p. 332.

124 Esquire Magazine, October, 1959.

125 Leo Tolstoy, On Life, tr. by Aylmer Maude (Oxford University Press, 1934), p. 98.

126 See Anders Nygren's Agape and Eros, tr. by Philip S. Watson (The Westminster Press, 1953).

127 Reinhold Niebuhr, The Nature and Destiny of Man (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1941-1943), Vol. II, pp. 245 ff.

128 William Temple, Christianity and Social Order (London: SCM Press, Ltd., 1950), p. 75; Emil Brunner, Justice and the Social Order (London: Lutterworth Press, 1945), pp. 114-118, 125. Also, see any competent work in Roman Catholic moral theology.

129 Agape and Eros.

130 Love in the Western World (Pantheon Books, 1956).

131 His constructive ethics is equivocal because he uses mutual love," meaning a relative "possible" love.

132 The Theology of Culture (Oxford University Press, 1959), pp. 133-145.

133 Love, Power and Justice (Oxford University Press, 1954), p. 79.

134 Wright, The Biblical Doctrine of Man in Society (London: SCM Press, Ltd., 1954), p. 168; O. C. Quick, Christianity and Justice (London: Sheldon Press, 1940), p. 25.

135 Basic Christian Ethics, p. 243.

136 Leonard Hatch, Dilemmas (Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1931).

137 Each Beatitude begins, "Happy are . . ." the poor, the meek, the merciful, etc. (Gr. makariof).

138 Edward Duff, S. J., does this with "an ethic of ends" (Catholic) and "an ethic of inspiration" or obedience to the love commandment (Protestant), in Social Teaching of the World Council of Churches (Association Press, 1956), p. 93.

139 Mark 14:3-9; Matt. 26:6-13; John 12:1-8.

140 One Christian moralist condemns this view, R. C. Mortimer, Christian Ethics (London: Hutchinson's Universal Library, 1950), pp. 57 ff.

141 See J. A. Pike's thoughtful discussion, op. cit., pp. 98-102, 106-108.

142 Shorter Novels of Herman Melville (Liveright Publishing Corporation, 1928)

143 The Mind and Heart of Love (Henry Holt & Company, Inc., 1947), pp. 54 ff.

144 The Doctrines of the Creed (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1938), p. 54.

145 Jesus and the Word, p. 117.

146 C. E. B. Cranfield, "Love", in Alan Richardson, ed., Theological Word Book of the Bible (London: SCM Press, Ltd., 1951), pp. 131-136.

147 Quoted in F. D. Coggan, The New Testament Basis of Moral Theology (London: Tyndale Press, 1948), p. 8.

148 The Journals, tr. by Alexander Dru (Oxford University Press, 1938), entry 932, p. 317.

149 Christian Ethics (The Ronald Press Co., 1955), p. 438.

150 Gospel and Law (Columbia University Press, 1951), P. 42.

151 See, e.g., James Barr, The Semantics of Biblical Language (Oxford University Press, 1961), pp. 263 ff.

152 Cf. E. B. Redlich, The Forgiveness of Sins (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1937), pp. 294-295.

153 Critique of Practical Reason, tr. by T. K. Abbott (Longmans, Green & Co., Inc., 1923), p. 176.

154 Martin Buber, Two Types of Faith (The Macmillan Company, 1952), p. 69.

155 Man for Himself: An Inquiry Into the Psychology of Ethics (Rinehart & Co., Inc., 1947), pp. 67 ff.

156 Herbert Waddams, A New Introduction to Moral Theology (London: SCM Press, Ltd., 1965), p. 122. See also his Life and Fire of Love (London: S.P.C.K., 1964).

157 R. C. Mortimer, The Elements of Moral Theology (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd., 1920), p. 43n.

158 Man's Need and God's Action (The Seabury Press, Inc., 1953), p. 87.

159 The Works of Love, tr. by D. F. and L. M. Swenson (Princeton University Press, 1946), p. 17.

160 Ibid., p. 19.

161 "Morals of the Catholic Church", 26:49, loc cit.

162 "The Freedom of the Christian", in Luther's Works, Vol. 31, tr. by Harold J. Grimm (Concordia-Muhlenberg Press, 1957), pp. 367, 371.

163 The Mind and Heart of Love, p. 29 et seq.

164 On the Love of God (De diligendo Deo) newly tr. by a Religious of C.S.M.V. (Morehouse-Gorham, Inc., 1950), pp. 56-69.

165 Bernard Shaw, from Major Barbara, in Selected Plays (Dodd, Mead & Company, Inc., 1948), Vol. I, p. 415. Used by permission of The Public Trustee and The Society or Authors.

166 See Ross, The Right and the Good (Oxford University Press, 1930).

167 Time, November 26, 1956.

168 "Seventh Homily on the First Epistle General of St. John", in Augustine: Later Works, tr. by John Burnaby, The Library of Christian Classics, Vol. VIII (The Westminster Press, 1955), p. 318.

169 Anatol Rapoport, Fights, Games, and Debates (University of Michigan Press, 1960).

170 E.g., A. Rapoport, Strategy and Conscience (Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1964).

171 The Interpreter's Bible, Nolan B. Harmon, ed., Vol. IX (Abingdon Press, 1954), p. 423.

172 Ibid.

173 The Renewal of Man, pp. 99-100.

174 The Strenuous Life (Century, 1901), quoted in ads of the Container Corporation of America.

175 Cf. Joseph Fletcher, William Temple: Twentieth Century Christian (The Seabury Press, Inc., 1963), pp. 80-82, 316-318.

176 C. K. Myers, Light the Bark Streets (The Seabury Press, Inc., 1957), pp. 46-48.

177 Arthur Schopenhauer, The Basis of Morality, tr. by A. B. Bullock (The Macmillan Company, 1903), p. 50.

178 Ibid., p. 6.

179 The Study of Theology (London: Hodder & Stoughton, Ltd., 1939), p. 383.

180 J. V. Sullivan, Catholic Teaching on the Morality of Euthanasia (Catholic University Press, 1949), p. 54.

181 The Divine Imperative, p. 246.

182 The Theology of Emil Brunner, ed. by C. W. Kegley (The Macmillan Company, 1962), p. 255.

183 F. J. Connell, in American Ecclesiastical Review, Vol. CXLH (1960), pp. 132-133.

184 Ethics, pp. 84 ff.

185 See Edmund Cahn, The Moral Decision (Indiana University Press, 1956), pp. 61-71.

186 The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties, new rev. ed. (Collier Books, 1962), p. 17.

187 J. LeClercq, Christ and the Modern Conscience, pp. 59, 61.

188 Republished as The Scrolls from the Dead Sea (Oxford University Press, 1955).

189 W. Burnett Easton, Jr., "Ethical Relativism and Popular Morality," loc. cit.

190 Image of America (The Viking Press, Inc., 1959), p. 64.

191 Cf. Emil Brunner, Faith, Hope and Love (The Westminster Press, 1956), p. 13.

192 Sutra of Wei Lang, quoted in C. Humphreys, Buddhism (Penguin Books, Inc., 1952), p. 17.

193 The Destiny of Man (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1960), P. 106.

194 Bennett, "Ethical Principles and the Context," unpublished presidential address, American Society of Christian Ethics, 1961; Williams, What Present-Day Theologians Are Thinking, rev. ed. (Harper & Brothers, 1959), pp. 114 ff.

195 See the superb survey by J. M. Gustafson, "Christian Ethics," loc. cit., pp. 285-354.

196 A. N. Whitehead, Modes of Thought (The Macmillan Company, 1938), p. 15.

197 Conscience and Compromise: An Outline of Protestant Casuistry (The Westminster Press, 1954).

198 E.g., Ethics, p. 258.

199 E.g., Church Dogmatics, Vol. Ill, Bk. 4, pp. 7-8.

200 Ethics, p. 66.

201 Church Dogmatics, Vol. Ill, Bk. 4, p. 9.

202 Summa Theologica, ii.2, q. 120, a.l.

203 Some Principles, p. 208n.

204 Moral and Pastoral Theology (Sheed 8c Ward, Inc., 1935), Vol. I, p. 187.

205 William Lazareth, Luther on the Christian Home (Muhlenberg Press, 1960), p. 122.

206 W. G. Maclagan, "Respect for Persons as a Moral Principle", in Philosophy, Vol. 35 (I960), pp. 193-217, 289-305.

207 Phil. 1:9.

208 J. J. Farraher, S.J., "Notes on Moral Theology", Theological Studies, Vol. XVI (1955), p. 239.

209 The Thomist, Vol. XVIII (1955), p. 94.

210 Honest to God, p. 117.

211 The Ethics of Decision (Muhlenberg Press, 1955), pp. 3-5.

212 The Four Loves (Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1960), p. 178.

213 In Christian Faith and Social Action, ed. by J. A. Hutchison (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953), pp. 102-114.

214 Human Society in Ethics and Politics, p. viii.

215 Reason in Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), p. 219.

216 Conscience and Christ (London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., Ltd., 1916), p. 126.

217 See John McIntyre, On the Love of God (Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1962).

218 The Structure of Christian Ethics (Louisiana University Press, 1958), p. 64.

219 Ethics (Henry Holt & Company, 1908), p. 212.

220 (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1958), p. 104.

221 Harper & Brothers, 1960.

222 F. Knebel and C. W. Bailey, "Hiroshima: The Decision that Changed the World", Look, June 7, 1960.