Структурная организация печени и ее регионарных лимфатических узлов при кадмиевой интоксикации и коррекции энтеросорбентом (анатомо-экспериментальное исследование) 14. 00. 02 анатомия человека

Abstract of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences in specialization 14.00.02 – human anatomy

The purpose of this research: to study the structural organization of the microscopy of the liver and it's regional lymphatic nodes under the eco-toxicosis by the different dosages of Cadmium and to investigate the methods of endo-ecological rehabilitation. In accordance with a scientific tasks, 130 eugamic rats of Wistar specie (males) at the age of two months with weight of 180-200 g. had been used in this experiment. Light, half thin and ultra thin sections of the liver tissues of the animals under this experiment were investigated by light microscopy, electron microscopy and morphological methods, as well as light and ultra thin specimen of the regional hepatic lymph nodes.

The chloride cadmium chronic intoxication under the subtoxic doses (1,5mg/kg и 3mg/kg) leads to the development of wide spread micro- and ultra-structural disorders on the microscopic level in the liver and in its regional lymph glands, which are due to dystrophic and destructive damages in the cells and to the changes in the organelles’ membrane which are dose-depending in turn. The cadmium injurious effect, firstly, is reflected on the nuclear apparatus, protein synthesis and energy producing function of the hepatocytes. The catabolic processes are increasing in the local cells as well. It leads to the misbalance of the main energetic substrates in the cells in the form of excessive accumulation of lipids and decrease of the glycogen level. All ultra-structural changes in the hepatocytes are restored partly by the 21 day. The mentioned changes are doze dependent: the animals received 3mg\kg of cadmium chloride have more expressed changes. The chronic cadmium intoxication leads to changes in the microvasculature in 1 day and in the liver interstitial tissue (Disse spaces), which disturb primary lymph efflux from the prelymphatic ways and foster fibrogenesis in the liver. The intracell changes in the sinusoid cells (endothelial, liver macrophages and fatty cells) are characterized by the synchronism of their development with the changes in the hepatocytes and by dose dependency. The activation of the endothelial lysosomes and the Kupffer's cells is an evidence of the hepatic macrophage influence on other cells of this histionic spot and indicates the active participation of the sinusoidal cells in the process of cadmium detoxication. In the lipocytes (Ito cells) lipidic density inclusions are decreasing what contributes to the processes of the fibrogenesis in the liver. Cadmium chloride influence leads to the significant reduce of functional activity of the rat’s liver and increases the level of the alanine aminotransferase and aspartatminotransferase and total bilirubin in the blood, which are increasing simultaneously with the structural disturbances in the hepatocytes. The micro- and ultrastructural changes in the all components of the liver in the microcytic level of the animals received tagan-sorbent decline greatly and the restoring processes run more intensively. By the 21 day of the experiment the indicants of many microcytic structures of the liver, after correction, reach the control points. The action of tagan-sorbent has dose dependent character and it is more expressed in the dose of toxicant as 1,5 mg/kg.

Chronic cadmium chloride intoxication leads to the significant reconstruction of the structural components of parenchyma of liver lymph node, which flows synchronously with the changes in the hepatocytes. That is accompanied by edema of lymphoid parenchyma and capsule of the node, widening of sinuses what promotes the strengthening of the drainage function of the lymph nodes. Chronic influence by the cadmium chloride leads to the extension of structure spaces occupied by B-dependent zones by parallel decrease of T-dependent zones. That testifies the activation of the B-linked immune system and the development of humoral immunity by the cadmic intoxication. Cell reconstruction in the liver lymph nodes under the chronic cadmium chloride intoxication is expressed by the developing of the immune-morphological proliferation, blast-cell transformation and differentiation of cells in the all areas of the lymph node. This process is accompanied by the lowering of the small and the middle lymphocytes and growing of the big blast cell forms, increasing the number of the plasmablasts, plasmacytes, macrophages, degenerative cells, Mott cells and the number of mitoses. Ultrastuctural changes in the endotheliocytes of the metabolic blood capillaries in the regional liver lymph nodes are developing. Such kinds of changes are more distinguished at animals that received 3mg/kg of cadmium chloride. Thanks to the compensatory processes there is a gradual improvement of the parenchyma cellular structure in the liver lymph glands, which by the 21 day of the investigation restores partially. The complex comparative investigation of the Tagan-sorbent that had been used for correction of the morphofunctional violations in the liver lymph nodes under the chronic cadmium chloride intoxication in different doses (1,5mg/kg и 3mg/kg) showed a considerable improvement of the structural organization of all components of the liver lymph node. By the 21 day the animals treated by the sorbent had indexes of all structural components coming to the control points.