Термины и определения 29
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Terms and definitionsARTESIAN WATer– confined subsurface water spurting out when opened. sUBSURFACE water budget – a quantitative ratio between elements which determine feeding, subsurface water-supply consumption and changes within specified time. IRREVOCABLE WATER CONSUMPTION – water consumption without water return to water body. nonartesian water – subsurface water with free surface of the same pressure as that of the atmospheric one. water conduit – hydraulic works to feed and discharge water in the preset direction. water intake – water collection from a water reservoir, channel or subsurface water source. water well – a well to collect subsurface water, with well casing and filter. aquifer – a system of water-bearing beds alike in formation conditions and geology and hydrologically interconnected. WATER FOR drinking water supply – effluent from waste water treatment plant (waterworks), flowing into waster intake facility or regulating tank. mineralized water – water containing a considerable amount of mineral matter. low-(0,5 – 5 g/dm3),medium-(5-30 g/dm3)and high-salt water (over 30 g/dm3 of soluble salts) are destinguished. FRESH WATER – water with mineralization up to 1g/dm3. INDUSTRIAL WATER – water, recourses and components composition of which are sufficient to extract these components industrially. WASTE WATER – water disposed after use in household and industrial human activities. INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER – water after use in industrial process. HOUSHOLD WASTE WATER – water discharged from settlements. ATMOSPHERIC AIR – 1) natural gas mixture formed during Earth evolution; 2) air outside residential and production premises. ACCIDENTAL EMISSION – pollutants emission into the environment as a result of breakdown in process or accident. SMOKE FUMES – fumes produced from mineral and vegetal fuel combustion. WASTE GAS – combustion products discharged to chimney flue. SUbsurface WATER – ground water of the permanent aquifer that is the first to the ground surface and is located on the first aquifuge to the surface. GAS CONTENT – 1) considerable concentrations of hazardous and explosive gaseous substances in the air; 2) considerable change of concentration of any gas in the air upwards (including gases typical for atmosphere) against common norm. POLLUTION – input or emergence of new, atypical physical, chemical, information and biological agents in the environment or exceeding of natural mean annual level on consideration. atmospheric pollution – inflow or formation of physical and chemical agents and organisms in the air, which unfavorably affect the environment and damage material values. WATER POLLUTION – pollutants, microorganisms and heat inflow to the water body. LOCAL POLLUTION – contamination of a small area (normally around an industrial enterprise, human settlement and etc.). Point contamination from single chimney or fugitive source is also distinguished. WATER POLLUTION RATE – water contaminating pollutants, microorganisms and heat content that causes violation of requirements to water quality. special nature reserve – a plot of land within the limits of which particular types of economic activities are prohibited (permanently or temporarily) to secure one or many living species, ecosystems, one or several ecological components or protected area nature as a whole. DUST CONTENT (of air) – content of fine solid (dust) particles of natural or anthropogenic origin in the air. AERATION ZONE – Earth crust top layer between its surface and groundwater table. It contains hygroscopic, film and capillary water; occasionally gravitational water emerges there. WATER PROTECTION ZONE – territory allocated to protect subsurface and surface water from contamination; economic activities are as a rule prohibited or limited there and such territory is reforested. HARMFUL SUBSTANCES (pollutants) CONTENT CONTROL - estimation of pollutants amount in air, water, soils, food products and record of deviations from the stated norms.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION (MPC) IN AIR – legislatively enacted standard for quantitative content of harmful substance in the air. Maximum one-time MPC of chemical substance in the air of residential areas. This concentration shouldn’t cause reflex (including subconscious) phenomena in the human body (m.p. MPC) by inhalation during 30 min. ANTHROPOGENIC LOAD – extent of direct and indirect human impact and economic activities effect on the nature as a whole or its separate ecological components and elements (landscapes, natural resources, fauna species and etc.)
WASTE PROCESSING – mechanical, physical-chemical and biological transformation of industrial and household (municipal) wastes to neutralize harmful components or extract form wastes useful substances which can be used anew. STRATAL WATER – water from aquifer, one or several lithologically homogeneous layers containing gravitational water and characterized by strong hydraulic interaction. Vaporous condensate water in gas deposits in-situ, which transforms into liquid on gas recovery, also belong to stratum water. surface water – water as different water bodies on land surface. SUBSURFACE WASTE WATER DISPOSAL – waste water pumping to subsurface water deep lost circulation horizons through wells. FILTRATION FIELDS – territories intended (usually specially constructed) for soil waste water biological treatment to remove pollutants and, as a rule, are not used for other purposes. MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF SUBSTANCES IN WATER (MPC) – substances concentration in water, exceeding of which makes water unsuitable for one or several kinds of water use. natural resources– natural sites and phenomena used for direct and indirect consumption to create material values, sustain humanity’s existence conditions and improvement in the quality of production. EVAPORATION POND – artificial pond intended for industrial polluted water change from liquid or semi-solid state into gaseous by evaporation from a water surface. HAZARDOUS EMISSIONS DISPERSION – physically stipulated (air flow, gas diffusion) decrease in pollutant concentration in the atmosphere, normally as the distance from emission source increases. RECLAMING – artificial restoration of fertility and vegetative cover after anthropogenic damage to a natural site (open cast mining and etc.).
SOOT – solid product of uncomplete combustion or thermal hydrocarbons decomposition. DISCHARGE – water or waste water discharged from a waste water treatment plant, industrial enterprise or sedimentation tank. CHIMNEY FLUE – a drafting facility to discharge combustion products from ovens and boilers to the atmosphere. Increase of chimney height reduces ground level pollutant concentration but enlarges its dispersion area thus eventually intoxicating a much larger area than a lower chimney could do. iNDUSTIAL WASTE RECYCLING – industrial wastes as secondary raw materials, fuel, fertilizers and etc. FLARE – cone divergent gas or liquid flow. Flare can be vertical, horizontal and ground (on the ground surface), movable, emerging during start-up and/or tripping of thermal generating or technological unit as well as discontinuously operating source and stationary one. background concentration OF POLLUTANT – amount of pollutants in anthropogenically affected natural environment unit. жүктеу/скачать 421.5 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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