Тяжелые металлы в окружающей среде
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| MATERIALS AND METODS
All methods of research are based on the well-known technique of determining the phenological phases in plants, assessment the impact of heavy metals on set of chromosomes and plantsʹ cytogenetic activity provided by N. Beydman. Для анализа соматических хромосом на стадии метафазы и хромосомных нарушений использовали клетки меристем корневых прростков растения заячий ячмень (Hordeum lepo- rinum). Предварительно семена растения проращивали в чашках Петри на влажной фильтро- вальной бумаге в термостате при температуре 25-28 °С в течение12 часов до достижения проростков 10-15 см. Для накопления митозов на стадии метафазы использовали 0,01%- водный раствор колхицина.Проростки выдерживали в растворе колхицина в течение 3-х час при температуре 3-5°С, фиксацию проводили по Карнуа 3 раза при темьпературе 3-5°С в течение 12 часов. После мацерации ткани проростков с использованием фермента цитазы готовили цитологические препараты для хромосомного анализа и окрашивали препараты раствором сернокислого фуксина в течение 43 минут. Цитогенетические препараты анализировали под микроскопом LMB-2013, Viena, Austria. 200 201 INTRODUCTION Nowadays one of the most important problems is a studying the impact of heavy metals on the living organisms. Production of non-ferrous metals in a number of places creates hazardous wastes to the environment. The industrial giant called ―Yujpolimetall‖ is located in Shymkent and belongs to the private company. The wastes which are being produced in the area including indus- trial dust, sulfuric anhydride, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sul- fide, hydrocarbons have pollinated the Shymkent area for a long time. It has been noticed that the main pollutants are heavy metals and their biologically active compounds. Their interactions be- tween the components of body‘s cells or their properties can be observed and described, especially if they interact with nucleic acids, enzymes and protein-forming amino acids. It causes the protein denaturation which is playing significant role in regulating the process of metabolism in cells and tissues, and is the function of enzymes (Grin, Li, 1998).Observing the plants it has been remarked that they have an ability to accumulate heavy metals which in turn reduces of gibberillins and cyto- kinine phytohormones activity. Decreasing of phyto hormones activity limits the development of metistemas (Mikishevich, Kovalchuk, 2008). In order to assess the level of pollination is enough to measure the total amount of sugar espe- cially sucrose in plants. Therefore, it has been proved that the lack of phytohormones and sugars causes a decrease of mitotic activity and impacts on the development of meristem cells. Particularly, deficiency of these substances is one of the limiting factors of morphogenesis (Dobrovolsky, 2004; Alekseeva-Popova, 1997). It is necessary to identify and assess all active chemical elements and their compounds. For living organisms the most dangerous compounds are lead, cadmium, copper and zinc. Excessive amount of lead in the body plant results in the negative effect on the normal physiological processes inside such as the development of seeds and roots and the formation of root fibers. New plants suf- fers from this influence more that the others (Zyrin, 1995). Lead insulates chloroplasts, oxygen in- hibits the light. At the same time, they are organic compounds, which can transform into biologi- cally active components and be preserved for a long time Dovgaluk et al., 2001). Even small amount of these chemicals in plants, animals and humans leads to a carcinogenic effect. Almost all heavy metals are known as toxic substances. They can be kept in living organisms and activated spontaneously (Dovzhenko, 2005). The main aim of the researh is to assess the effect of heavy metal components on growing processes of plants and their cytogenetic activity. жүктеу/скачать 6.49 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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