Расторопши: семена ранней потенциальных


EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES OF SILYMARIN AS A HEPATIC PROTECTOR AGAINST ETHANOL



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EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES OF SILYMARIN AS A HEPATIC PROTECTOR AGAINST ETHANOL


Silymarin has both hepatoprotective and regenerative actions. The mechanism of action is a reduction of the FR formed by toxins that damage the cell membranes (LPO) and competitive inhibition through hepatocyte external cell membrane modification. Silymarin forms a complex that impedes the entrance of toxins into the interior of liver cells. Additionally, silymarin metabolically stimulates hepatic cells and activates the RNA iosynthesis of ribosomes to stimulate protein formation[25-27]. In a study published by Sandoval et al[28], the authors observed a silymarin protection effect in rat hepatic cells when they used it as a comparison factor to measure liver weight/animal weight % (hepatomegaly). The hepatomegaly was reduced compared to other groups that were administered antioxidant substances. There was no significant difference observed between the silymarin group and the silymarin-alcohol group. This result suggests liver protection by silymarin. Silymarin enhances hepatic glutathione generation by elevating cysteine availability and inducing cysteine synthesis while inhibiting its catabolism to taurine. The regulation of cysteine synthesis may subsequently contribute to the antioxidant defense[29]. Silymarin reduced collagen accumulation by 30% in biliary fibrosis induced in rats[30]. A study in humans reported a slight increase in the survival of patients with cirrhotic alcoholism compared with untreated controls[31]. Silymarin is perhaps the most frequently used natural compound for the treatment of hepatic diseases worldwide due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic activities[32].

Study conducted with guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) examining hepatic fibrosis induced through the administration of Et-OH (4/kg of weight/d) for 90 d revealed a significant reduction of lesion markers such as ALT, AST, and γ-glutamyl after silymarin treatment. The gene expressions of cytochrome 450 2E1 (CYP2E1), TNF-α, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells-1 were also reduced. There was also a reduction in FR and reduced markers of fibrosis such as alpha smooth muscle actin, collagen α 1(I), and in the caspase cytotoxicity marker. However, silymarin was less effective than vitamin C in this study. This result indicates that vitamin C is more effective in reducing the markers of damage and the production of ROS during Et-OH-induced lesions[33]. Another study evaluated the hepatoprotective effect by measuring the level of antioxidants and the effect of body weight (bw) in rats exposed to Et-OH (1.6 g/kg of bw for 4 wk). The results revealed that intoxication by Et-OH influences the bw of rats and the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) increased significantly. Conversely, glutathione (GSH), the activity of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase (CAT) were reduced by exposure to Et-OH. The rats that received silybin and ascorbic acid had attenuated lesion markers, although the effect was greater in the group that received ascorbic acid than in the group treated with silybin. The study also concluded that stopping alcohol intake favors hepatic regeneration. Thus, it is more effective to take preventive measures than to implement curative treatment[34]. A mouse study examining the antioxidant, immunomodulatory activity and vascular function of mice showed a significant increase in OS levels in animals that received ethanol (1.6 g/kg per bw/d during 12 wk). Ethanol increased the production of TBARS, nitrite levels, and the activity of GST. Ethanol also significantly diminished the content of GSH and the activity of SOD, CAT, GPX, and GR. Mice that received Et-OH plus silymarin (250 mg/kg of bw/d for 12 wk) normalized the altered parameters. In addition, the silymarin-treated mice had reduced levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), TNF-α, interferon (IFN), IFN-γ, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and TGF-1β. The treatment also reduced the levels of IL-4 in the blood. The results of silymarin treatment were similar to mice that received vitamin C treatment[35].

The use of Sylubim β-cyclodextrin has been studied in non-insulin-dependent patients with diabetes and alcoholic hepatopathy. Treatment with a 135-mg/d dose did not influence insulin secretion but did significantly reduce the glucose (P < 0.03) and serum levels of triglycerides (P < 0.01) compared with the placebo. These results suggest that this treatment improves the response to insulin[36].

Clinical study conducted in 170 cirrhosis patients treated with 140 mg of silymarin three times daily for 41 months showed significant improvement, especially in the subgroups with alcoholic cirrhosis and initial “Child A” hepatic disease[31]. However, the results are controversial. A meta-analysis of 13 randomized clinical assays evaluated the beneficial or detrimental effects of Milk thistle and included patients with alcoholic and/or hepatitis B and C hepatic disease. The authors concluded that according to the data, Milk thistle did not significantly influence the improvement of these diseases. Conversely, it may have negatively affected the pathological condition[37].


CONCLUSION


There is substantial evidence suggesting that silymarin treatment improves hepatic diseases. However, some of the data are contradictory. Therefore, additional molecular studies investigating the mechanisms of action for these compounds are needed. It is known that silymarin does not possess adverse effects at high doses. Thus, it is a natural compound that is widely utilized in traditional medicine and has been investigated in formal scientific studies. Diverse hepatic damage models and ethanol injury have been utilized to study silymarin because ethanol is responsible for many cases of liver damage worldwide. The current data demonstrate that the use of silymarin treatment in alcoholic cirrhosis patients may attenuate the damage. However, silymarin treatment does not affect mortality.

Нейропротективный потенциал силимарин против заболеваний ЦНС: понимание пути и молекулярные механизмы действия.

Силимарин, C25, содержащий флавоноид из растения Silybum marianum был золотой стандарт лекарственного средства для лечения заболеваний печени, связанных с употреблением алкоголя, острых и хронических вирусных гепатитов, и токсин-индуцированной печеночной неудачи с момента своего открытия в 1960 году. Помимо гепатопротекторного природы, которая, в основном, благодаря своим антиоксидантным и регенеративные свойства тканей, Силимарин недавно сообщалось, что предполагаемым нейропротективным агент против многих неврологических заболеваний, включая болезни Альцгеймера и Паркинсона, болезни и ишемии головного мозга. Хотя основные нейропротекторный механизм Силимарин считается, что объясняется его способностью ингибировать окислительный стресс в мозге, оно также дает дополнительные преимущества, влияющие на пути, такие как β-амилоидной агрегации, воспалительные механизмы клеточного апоптоза машины, и эстрогенных рецепторов медиации. В этом обзор, у нас осветил возможные нейропротективные эффекты Силимарина и базовых молекулярных событий, и предложил дальнейшего курса действий для его принятия в качестве ЦНС препарат для лечения нейродегенеративных заболеваний.



CNS Neurosci Ther. 2013 Nov;19(11):847-53. doi: 10.1111/cns.12175. Epub 2013 Oct 14.

Neuroprotective potential of silymarin against CNS disorders: insight into the pathways and molecular mechanisms of action.


Borah A1, Paul R, Choudhury S, Choudhury A, Bhuyan B, Das Talukdar A, Dutta Choudhury M, Mohanakumar KP.

Author information


  • 1Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India.

Abstract


Silymarin, a C25 containing flavonoid from the plant Silybum marianum, has been the gold standard drug to treat liver disorders associated with alcohol consumption, acute and chronic viral hepatitis, and toxin-induced hepatic failures since its discovery in 1960. Apart from the hepatoprotective nature, which is mainly due to its antioxidant and tissue regenerative properties, Silymarin has recently been reported to be a putative neuroprotective agent against many neurologic diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and cerebral ischemia. Although the underlying neuroprotective mechanism of Silymarin is believed to be due to its capacity to inhibit oxidative stress in the brain, it also confers additional advantages by influencing pathways such as β-amyloid aggregation, inflammatory mechanisms, cellular apoptotic machinery, and estrogenic receptor mediation. In this review, we have elucidated the possible neuroprotective effects of Silymarin and the underlying molecular events, and suggested future courses of action for its acceptance as a CNS drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Расторопша: будущего потенциального борьбе с остеопорозом и заживление перелома агента.

Остеопороз-это прогрессирующее заболевание скелета, характеризующееся хрупкости костей из-за снижения костной массы и, возможно, изменение структуры кости, что приводит к склонности к перелом при минимальной травме. Большинство остеопоротических переломов происходит в местах, богатых трабекулярной или губчатой костной ткани и, как правило, связанные постменопаузальных женщин. Недавно, силимарин, полученные внимание благодаря своей альтернативной благотворное влияние на формирование костей. Это смесь флавоноидов с мощным антиоксидантным свойствам. Этот обзор ориентирован на использование расторопши или силимарин для лечения остеопороза, которые могут быть связаны перелом кости. Силимарин показывает мощный антиоксидант травы, которые могут модулировать несколько генов, в пользу и помогает строить кости и предотвратить потерю костной массы. В мыши заживление перелома модель, силимарин добавок улучшенная большеберцовой исцеление с повышенными БМД и сыворотке крови ALP и остеокальцин. Силимарин также продемонстрировали четкое эстрогенные antiosteoporotic эффекты в костной структуры. Силимарин-видимому, играет решающую роль для предотвращения потери костной массы и может регулировать остеогенеза и может быть полезным для заживления перелома. Если силимарин считается за пользование постменопаузальных женщин, он может использоваться для лечения остеопороза. Было бы весьма полезно для женщин в постменопаузе развитие эстроген-антагонист, как мощным и эффективным, как и эстроген в предотвращении потери костной массы без значительных побочных эффектов, связанных с HRT.



Curr Drug Targets. 2013 Dec;14(14):1659-66.

Milk thistle: a future potential anti-osteoporotic and fracture healing agent.


Mohd Fozi NF, Mazlan M, Shuid AN, Isa Naina M1.

Author information


  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Campus, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. isa@medic.ukm.my.

Abstract


Osteoporosis is a progressive disease of the skeleton characterised by bone fragility due to a reduction in bone mass and possibly to alteration in bone architecture that lead to a propensity to fracture with minimum trauma. Most osteoporotic fractures occur at locations rich in trabecular or cancellous bone and usually related to post menopausal women. Recently, silymarin received attention due to its alternative beneficial effect on bone formation. It is a mixture of flavonoids with powerful antioxidant properties. This review focuses on the use of milk thistle or silymarin for the treatment of osteoporosis that may be related to fracture bone. Silymarin shows potent antioxidant herb that may modulate multiple genes in favour of helping to build bone and prevent bone loss. In the mouse fracture healing model, silymarin supplementation improved tibial healing with elevated BMD and serum levels of ALP and osteocalcin. Silymarin also demonstrated clear estrogenic antiosteoporotic effects in bone structure. Silymarin appears to play a crucial role to prevent bone loss and might regulate osteogenesis and may be beneficial for fracture healing. If silymarin is considered for the use of post menopausal women, it may be used for the treatment of osteoporosis. It would be of great benefit to postmenopausal women to develop an oestrogen antagonist that is as potent and efficacious as oestrogen in preventing bone loss without the major side effect associated with HRT.
Силимарин и диабетической нефропатии.

Нефропатия является одним из наиболее важных осложнений сахарного диабета и лекарственно индуцированной токсичности. Нефротоксичность является, в основном, связанных с окислительным стрессом и в настоящее время много внимания было сделано в направлении возможного почек защитные свойства лекарственных растений. Исследования показали, что силимарин является полезным для диабетической нефропатии. Комбинация метформина, силимарин и ренин-ангиотензиновую систему ингибиторы или блокаторы ангиотензиновых рецепторов могут иметь добавки почек защитные свойства для предотвращения или замедления прогрессирования диабетической нефропатии.



J Renal Inj Prev. 2012 Jan 1;1(1):3-5. doi: 10.12861/jrip.2012.02. eCollection 2012.

Silymarin and diabetic nephropathy.


Rafieian-Kopaie M1, Nasri H2.

Author information


  • 1Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.

  • 2Department of Nephrology, Division of Nephropathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract


Nephropathy is one of the most important complications of diabetes mellitus and drug induced toxicity. Nephrotoxicity is mostly related to oxidative stress and nowadays much attention has been made towards the possible kidney protective properties of medicinal plants. Studies revealed, silymarin is useful for diabetic nephropathy. The combination of metformin, silymarin and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers may have additive kidney protective property to prevent or slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Переоценка биодоступность силимарина.

Силимарин, flavonolignan, полученных из Silybum marianum обладает разнообразной фармакологической активности, в том числе гепатопротекторным, антиоксидантным, противовоспалительным, противоопухолевым, и кардиопротекторное. Хотя клинических испытаний показали, что силимарин является безопасным в высоких дозах (>1500 мг/день) в организме человека, фармакокинетические исследования последних трех десятилетий, связанные всасывания, распределения, метаболизма и экскреции силимарин выявили слабое всасывание, быстрый метаболизм, и, в конечном итоге, бедные устные биодоступность. Для оптимального биодоступность силимарина, вопросы растворимость, проницаемость, метаболизма и экскреции должны быть устранены. Массив методы были описаны в последние годы, что может улучшить его биодоступность, включая комплексообразование с β-циклодекстринов, твердые дисперсии методом, формирования микрочастиц и наночастиц, self-microemulsifying систем доставки лекарств, мицеллы, липосомы, и phytosomes. В данной статье критически рассматриваются последние опубликованные в литературе различные технологии для увеличения биодоступность силимарина.



Altern Med Rev. 2011 Sep;16(3):239-49.

Reassessing bioavailability of silymarin.


Javed S1, Kohli K, Ali M.

Author information


  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.

Abstract


Silymarin, a flavonolignan derived from Silybum marianum, possesses diverse pharmacological activities, including hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cardioprotective. Although clinical trials have shown silymarin is safe at high doses (>1500 mg/day) in humans, the pharmacokinetic studies over the past three decades related to absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of silymarin have revealed poor absorption, rapid metabolism, and ultimately poor oral bioavailability. For optimum silymarin bioavailability, issues of solubility, permeability, metabolism, and excretion must be addressed. An array of methods have been described in recent years that can improve its bioavailability, including complexation with β-cyclodextrins, solid dispersion method, formation of microparticles and nanoparticles, self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems, micelles, liposomes, and phytosomes. This article critically reviews the recent published literature on various techniques for increasing the bioavailability of silymarin.



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