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- Development of renewable energy sources (wind and solar) in Germany
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«Молодой учёный» . № 2 (501) . Январь 2024 г. Экономика и управление 3. Зыбенко, С. В. Государственное регулирование внешнеэкономической деятельности в России на современном этапе // Российский экономический интернет-журнал. 2023. № 1. с. 1–19. 4. Науменко, И. Н. Методы реализации экономической функции государства: теоретико-правовые аспекты в ус- ловиях кризисных явлений // Евразийский юридический журнал. 2023. № 5 (180). с. 110–111. 5. Тебекин, А. В. Основные риски развития национальной экономики как проблемы обеспечения экономической безопасности страны / А. В. Тебекин, А. Б. Ярощук // Экономика и управление: проблемы, решения. 2023. Т. 3. № 8 (139). с. 57–72. 6. Туманов, С. Н.К вопросу о системе гарантий реализации внешних функций современным российским государ- ством // Вестник Саратовской государственной юридической академии. 2019. № 6 (131). с. 15–19. Development of renewable energy sources (wind and solar) in Germany Minayeva Yelizaveta Alekseevna, student National Research University «Higher School of Economics» (Moscow) T he term of «Energiewende» (German for «energy transi- tion») is getting more and more widespread nowadays. It appeared in 1980 and defined an alternative way to produce and use energy. It has been planned that by 2050 Germany will have reached «fully sustainable energy production» [8]. Some of the sources used for renewable energy production are solar and wind power — they are called «renewable energy sources» or RES. However, after more than 40 years of changes Ger- many started to face several problems, e.g. price burden for consumers [11]. In this case, the question arises, whether Ger- many will be able to achieve all the goals set for renewable en- ergy? Does it use the wind and power resources available com- petently? In this essay I am going to expand on the problems of German usage of wind and solar energy and speculate about its perspectives. By now Germany already produces 56–63 % of its energy from renewable resources like wind, water, solar and bio- mass [14], [Fig. 2]. But it wants to reach the level of 80 % by 2050. According to the Institute for Applied Ecology, the en- ergy from photovoltaic and wind costs only 5–6 cents/kilowatt. It is already lower than construction of conventional power plants [7]. Currently, Germany is 33 % ahead of the plan in building new solar power plants and is lagging behind for 23 % in the construction of wind power plants [Fig. 3]. It already receives 2 gigawatts of energy from wind power plants and about 10 gigawatts from solar ones [Fig. 4], [Fig. 5]. However, everything has its disadvantages. German people pay the highest bills for electricity — their renewable en- ergy surcharges keep growing from year to year [11]. As of 12.10.2023, the cost of electricity in Germany is 28,7 cents for new users [14]. There are more than 300.000 consumers with shut off electricity due to the unpaid bills. Even if social guar- antees are paid, they are used to pay for the growing cost of electricity. Moreover, renewable energy sources are not the most reli- able ones, as they depend on many factors that are not related to people’s activity. Windy and sunny places need to be chosen very carefully. As for 2021, the most of Germany’s windmills are located in the Northern part of the country next to North and Baltic seas with strong winds [Fig. 6]. If there is a scarcity of green energy, power plants which use traditional sources are put into operation, what affects the bills of consumers in a neg- ative way. The government has already instructed the federal lands to allocate areas for the construction of windmills. How- ever, it is very difficult to find such free areas which has caused resistance in some governments. Manufacturers can barely cope with the grandiose plans of the government. While the share of the necessary supply of Germany with energy from renewable sources is growing, manufacturers have neither time nor enough workers to meet the growing demand. A good example is the situation around 50 Hertz, a network operator in eastern Germany. Due to numerous inspections, the company was able to start construction of a strategically important site only after 17 years [15]. One more factor is that Germany itself does not have enough sources to cover its needs for energy production. That is why it depends on the import of sources — gas, wood, oil. Since the beginning of SMO, Germany has been striving to abandon Russian gas as fast as possible. Though, in July after decommissioning of nuclear power plants, Germany has in- creased its import of energy and it costs her 3 times as much as the export prices — 97,20 and 38,60 euro dollars respec- tively. If Germany wants to completely abandon non-renew- able energy sources, then it should increase the share of en- ergy received from RES. Last year, wind energy provided about a quarter of all energy, solar energy — about 12 % [1], [3]. However, Germany plans to increase the number of solar and wind power plants. In the future, Germany wants to increase the amount of energy from wind for 65,8 gigawatts and for 30 gigawatts from the sun every year starting from 2026 [Fig. 7]. It seems to be highly doubtful that Germany will be able to achieve such results in the nearest future due to the political situation and the overdue energy crisis. |