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C. Solving the problem of one table databases.
D. The system of parent and child tables.
E. The App table and the Sales table at the heart of the Class App
store.
F. Storing data in multiple files to avoid duplication.
1.5. Answer the questions on the text:
A. What kind of information do university
enrollment systems
contain?
B. How is a database organized?
C. What do we need to get information in and out of a database?
D. Why is data stored in multiple files?
E. How are the 2 tables in Class App store linked?
F. How is data extracted from App Store databases?
G. What is the principal inconvenience of one table databases?
1.6. Summarize the main ideas of the text using Activity IV as
a plan.
Databases
1. In all of the forms of BI you must actually store data to analyze.
Organizations store their data in databases connected to their produc-
tion systems. Here are some examples:
- Banking transaction systems store data in databases containing
information about customers, accounts, and transactions against those
accounts.
- University enrollment systems store data in databases containing
information
about students, faculty, courses, and enrollment in those
courses.
- Cell phone billing systems store data in databases containing in-
formation about customers, rate plans, and calls made.
2. What do these databases actually look like? They consist of ta-
bles of data that are related to each other. This is called a relational da-
tabase. Each table must have a unique identifier that is called a primary
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key. The database is organized into parent and child tables to avoid du-
plicating data. Data common to each child is stored in the parent table.
Diagrammatically a parent table points to its child tables. Each parent
record can have zero or more child records. To logically link the tables
together simply repeat the primary key as a foreign key in each corre-
sponding record of the child table. To get information in and out of a
relational database requires a relational
database management system
(RDBMS) such as Microsoft Access.
3. The goal of the system is to facilitate transactions while safe-
guarding the integrity of the data. The theory behind database design is
one of the most elegant areas in all of information systems. If you con-
tinue in information systems, you will see it in detail. However, for our
purposes all we need to know is that data is typically stored in multiple
files even if the report that we get is contained in a single file. Why?
The simple answer is that we want to avoid duplicating data by storing
information common to each child in the parent table. Why do we care?
Because duplicated data opens up a possibility that one of the dupli-
cates will be different in an important way. For example you would not
want your bank balance
to be sometimes one number, sometimes an-
other depending on which record happens to be called up by the data-
base.
4. The Class App store has at its heart a simple database. Nonethe-
less, that database supports some fairly sophisticated functionality. The
beauty of the Class App store is that it was created almost entirely
without writing code, by using Google Sites and Google Docs. The da-
tabase consists of two tables—an App table and a Sales table. The App
table captures registration information about each app. The Sales table
captures sales information—who bought what and when. Conceptually
the tables are linked by what is called a one- to-many relationship. One
app has many sales. Every database has one-to-many links of this sort.
The relationships are formed by the primary
key to foreign key corre-
spondence.
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5. Once the architecture is established the next step is to get data in
and out of the database. Data is entered into a database using forms. For
the App table, use the Register App form. For the Sales table, use the
Purchase App form. Data is extracted from the database using reports.
The listing of apps on the Class App store home page is a report. When
the reports involve summary data, we would characterize that as mean-
ingful information. For example, listing the
best selling apps and the
top rated apps qualifies as information. The number of apps purchased
by each student is also information—it reveals how many students have
completed the assignment. And there are a variety of reports that can
come out of even a simple database such as this. For example, a report
might list the best selling apps for men who are freshmen. One can be
quite specific as to the information extracted for analysis.
6. The problem with one table databases is that we are limited to
querying the data that happens to be in that table. For example, there is
no way to see which developers bought their own apps. The sales data
here shows only the buyer not the seller. The seller data is stored in a
different table. What we need is a way to join information between the
two tables. While joining information between tables is possible to do
with
a spreadsheet, it is rather difficult and is error prone. The best
practice way to accomplish a join is using a database system such as
Microsoft Access.
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