Issn 305-9397. Ғылым және білім. 2022. №1-1 (66) issn 2305-9397
Ауыл шаруашылығы ғылымдары
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106 Key words: common bunt; wheat;breeding; spores; isogenic lines. Introduction. Tilletia caries (DC) Tul. (= T. tritici) and T. foetida (Wallr.) Liro (= T. laevis) are fungal and viral diseases leading to common bunt (BS) spores which cause decrease of crop yield. The productivity of common bunt damaged crops is much lower than healthy ones. The decrease of productivity and quality of crops is a result of common bunt spores damage on grain [1]. Tilletia sp. disease is common to all irrigated lands of crop field. There would be find about 150 million common bunt spores in diseased wheatear and these spores also damage three million grains in average. According to some information when plants aren‘t protected against to this disease, the damage can be changed approximately from 15 to 20%. The planting of grains without chemical treatment for many years lead to 75-90% damage [2]. The common bunt of wheat is a one of the main biotic stresses in wheat production all over the world. In order to decrease and to take non damaged high-quality products, the fungicide treatment technology is widely used in agriculture. Using modern pesticide preparations results with destruction of agricultural products. They destroy disease spores in grains and soil. On the other hand, using the methodology of grain processing tools pollutes and damages environment and human health. This plant protection method is not economically effective and it is not used in organic irrigation [3]. Special mycotoxins are not determined, but the high level of trimethylamine within common bunt spore causes unpleasant scent of canned fish on damaged grains [4]. The common bunt was connected with wheat production from early time and infectious agents of common bunt were continuously apparent [5]. Others than Triticum spp., T.caries and T. controversa are more common in several plants, including Aegilops, Agropyron, Agrostus, Alopecurus, Arrhenatherum, Beckmannia, Bromus, Dactylis, Elymus, Festuca, Holcus, Hordeum, Koeleria, Lolium, Poa, Secale, Trisetum and X Triticosecale [6-10]. Fall barley grains (Hordeum vulgare L.,) are also exposed to common bunt, but barley‘s genotype is less sensitive, even the most aggressive common bunt race is low-pathogenic on them [11]. Common bunt is commonly found in all regions of Central Asia, including south and south- east of Kazakhstan. Mainly in this region of Kazakhstan grow fall wheat. In north Africa and Central Asia countries the common bunt disease occupies second place after rust of wheat by its harmful index and affects to 5-7% of harvest. Only 40 % of grains passes chemical treatment in these counties. Sowing non treated grains in south, south-east and east Oblasts of Kazakhstan resulted with common bunt and dwarf bunt of wheat in 1990-s. The harvested winter wheatin some peasant farms of South and South-East Kazakhstan were disqualified to yield of flour and all mash extraction in 1997-1998. The common bunt and dwarf bunt damaged 15-38% of wheatears, therefore one third of harvest was destroyed [12]. According to Koyshibaev and Muminzhanov (2016), at the beginning of the 2000 the area of infection of winter wheatgrains was increased in Kazakhstan. The agricultural research of wheat collections was held in Kazakhstan and throughout the world for many years. And also, there was held phytopathological research in order to find resistant sources of common bunt disease. Relying upon reported literature, there were defined enough resistant sources to common bunt diseases in diverse ecological and geographical regions of the world. In this way was created an artificial media [13]. According to many researcher‘s opinion anti-vermin control of common bunt should include not only chemical, agrotechnical and biological methods, but also growing resistant cultivars. Generally common bunt resistance is defined by Bt gene [14]. Until modern days Bt1-Bt15 and Btp resistance genes were defined, and it is formulated gene bank [15,16]. The virulence common bunt and dwarf bunt spores on wheat can be regulated by identical resistance genes. Virulent genes are resistant varieties against to identical or not so widespread common bunt races, also can be resistant to dwarf bunt. The inoculations of mixed races of common bunt were main reason of formulating some new hybrids, which have virulent genes, that was useful to identify resistant genes [17-19]. Fungicide treatment can be an efficient way of controlling common bunt disease. But genetic resistance is the best version of decreasing chemical treatment of grains and can be used in organic systems [20]. The resistance of foreign wheat samples against to Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul pathogen was tested in Almaty Oblast in 2020-2021 years, but it is always important to search resistant domestic varieties in processing [21-23]. |