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Zero conditional

Form

Use

Example

If, etc. + Present Simple+Present Simple in the main clause

To say what always happens

If you stroke our cat, she purrs
Unless you are on top of a mountain, water boils at 100° C.

First conditional

If, etc. + Present Simple/Present Continuous/Present Perfect + Present Continuous, Future or imperative in the main clause

to describe what may possibly happen.



Tell Mary to phone me no matter how late she gets back.
If you're passing through London, you are always welcome to come and stay with us.
Unless you've finished before 5.00, I won't be able to pick you up.

Second conditional

If, etc. + Past Simple/Continuous + conditional in the main clause



to talk about something:
− that is impossible and just imagined
− which is very unlikely to happen in the future
− to give advice.



If I had a younger brother, I'd teach him to play football.
If I were/was a millionaire, I'd invite all my friends to spend their holidays on my private island.
No matter how safe it was, I wouldn't try bungee jumping.
Unless I won a really big prize in the lottery, I wouldn't give up my job.
I'd buy a decent dictionary if I were you.

Third conditional

If + Past Perfect + would have + past participle in the main clause

to describe something in the past that could have happened, but didn't or shouldn't have happened, but did.

I wouldn't have cooked a vegetarian meal unless I had thought they were vegetarians.
She would have passed the exam if she had answered all the questions.

'Mixed' conditionals

an if clause referring to the past with a main clause referring to the present or future

I would be happily married now if I hadn't told Mary I didn't love her.
She wouldn't let us go to the match unless we had finished our homework.

an if clause referring to the present or future with a main clause referring to the past

He would have invited you if he wasn't already coming to the dance with his girlfriend. She would have ordered something else if she didn't like spaghetti.

Modal verbs

Modal verbs can, could, might, etc. can be used in first, second and third conditionals.

I might go to the match if there are any seats left. If she had private classes, she could pass the exam. If they had taught us how to use the machine safely, the accident might never have happened.

Polite expressions

would can be used after if in polite expressions.

If you wouldn't mind waiting for a moment, the porter will take your cases up to your room.

should is used in the if clause to make it even less likely.

This is common in formal letters.

If you should require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact us.

should can replace if in formal letters.






Should you wish to contact me, I can be reached at the above address.



III. Comment on the use of the forms of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. "Well," returned I, "if what you tell me be true and I am to be a beggar, it shall never make me a rascal, or induce me to dis­avow my principles." (Goldsmith). 2. And if it hadn't been for Mamma, I don't know what I would have done. (Dreiser). 3. If you were in my place, Betteredge, tell me in one word, what would you do? (Collins). 4. "Co," he said, "would you be very disappointed if we didn't get one of these houses?" (Carter). 5. If I were a masterless and stray dog, I know that you would not turn me from your hearth to-night... (Bronte). 6. She thought of her father. And clearly she realized that even if he had said it was wrong she wouldn't have believed it. Lanny's not like the others. He's different. (Abrahams). 7. Often in the earlier days she had tried to talk to him about his work. Had he but looked into her eyes, he might have understood. (Jerome). 8. Had I been a year or two younger 1 think I should have cried. (Du Maurier). 9. Had there been any particular reason why we should not have gone to sleep again..., we should have dropped off while we were looking at our watches, and have slept till ten. (Jerome). 10. I wondered suddenly if he had been in love with Rebecca. His voice was the sort of voice I should have used in his circum­stances, had this been so. (Du Maurier). 11. Should you ask me, whence these stories? ... I should answer, I should tell you, "From the forests and the prairies"... (Longfellow). 12. Had I been offered all the treasures in the world I could not have turned and gone down to the cottage or to the beach again. (Du Maurier). 13. What if Irene were to take it into her head to leave Soames? (Galsworthy). 14. But for her self-control the mystery would have been at an end to-night. (Collins). 15. His fleshless face would have looked like the face of a mummy, but for the restless brightness of his little black eyes. (Collins). 16. If only it hadn't been for poor Aunt Ann, he would have taken her to the theatre. (Galsworthy). 17. I slept well that night, and should have slept better if it had not been for Harris. (Jerome). 18. But for you I should have left long ago, gone on to Italy... and further still perhaps. (Du Maurier). 19. Perhaps I should never have got to know much about Brensham but for the accident that I was not a very good cricketer. (Moore). 20. If the sea had been changed into dry land before my own eyes I could not have been more surprised than I was when I heard these words. (Collins). 21. If Peggotty had been married every day for the last ten years, she could hardly have been more at her ease about it. (Dickens)! 22. She curtseyed again and would have blushed deeper, if she could have blushed deeper than she had blushed all this time. (Dickens). 23. ...I can feel no dependence on his coming and I wish Mr. Weston were less sanguine. (Austen). 24. I wished I had kept my candle burning; the night was drear­ily dark. (Bronte). 25. "The roses are in bloom now. I wish I had brought you some." (Du Maurier). 26. Г wished he would not always treat me as a child... (Du Maurier). 27. I dreaded lest any stranger should notice me and speak to me. (Eliot). 28. The deity ordered that the moonstone should be watched from that time on by three priests in turn. (Collins). 29. The Ofd Man... had demanded that Cain get his brain to work. (Carter). 30. "If only they had made me the Duke," he could not help thinking ... (Bates).


REFERENCES
1. Блох М.Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. − М.: Высшая школа, 2003. – С. 201-219.
2. Блох М.Я., СеменоваТ.Н., Тимофеева С.В. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка. – М.: Высш. шк., 2004. – С. 170 − 171.
3. Гуревич В.В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2003. – С. 41-45.
4. Иванова И.П., Бурлакова В.В., Почепцов Г.Г. Теоретическая грам­матика современного английского языка. − М.: Высшая школа, 1981. – С. 68-74.
5. Ильиш Б.А. Строй современного английского языка: Учебник. – Л.: Просвещение, 1971. – С. 99-118.
6. Иофик Л.Л., Чахоян Л.П., Поспелова А.Г. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка. − Л.: Просвещение, 1981. − С. 82-87.


REPORT
The problem of the imperative mood in English.
(Слюсарева Н.А. Проблемы функциональной морфологии современного английского языка. – М.: Наука, 1986. – C. 62 − 67.
Воронцова Г.Н. Очерки по грамматике английского языка. - М.: Изд. лит. на иностр. яз., 1960. – С. 250 − 262.
Бархударов Л.С. Очерки по морфологии современного английского языка. М.: Высш. Шк. 1975. – С. 131 − 136.)




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