Методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов заочников
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- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- Вариант 4
- The early days of the automobile
On bridge building1. The history of Russian bridge building is closely connected with the name of Kulibin, one of the most talented self-taught engineers1. From his early childhood Kulibin showed a keen interest in all kinds of mechanical devices. To acquire skill and knowledge became the boy’s greatest desire. But books were difficult to obtain in the provincial town where he lived and there was no one to instruct him in mechanics. The difficulties which he had to overcome seemed irresistible. But in spite of all that he succeeded in going to Petersburg where he was appointed mechanic to the Academy of sciences and since then spent all his free time and all his money on new inventions. 2. In Petersburg Kulibin undertook a very difficult engineering problem – to design a bridge across the Neva as there was not a single permanent bridge in this city to provide a crossing2 at any season of the year. Kulibin was the first to think of spanning3 the river with an arched bridge. According to his plan the bridge was to have a single span to leave a free water way for ships and barges. It was a daring idea: arched bridges of similar construction had been built before but no engineer dared even to think of constructing a bridge with a three hundred metre span. 3. After the model was completed it had to be submitted to a special commission set up by the Academy of Sciences and invaded by foreign scientists and specialists at the time of Catherine II. They considered themselves to be much superior to Russian people whose intellect and talent they utterly ignored. 4. In spite of general disbelief the testing of the model was a success. No failure resulted even when a weight much greater than the maximum load was applied to the bridge. In spite of the favourable conclusion no practical result followed. VII. Прочитайте 3 и 4-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно. 1. What commission did the model have to be submitted? 2. What specialists invaded the Academy of sciences at the time of Catherine II? 3. Did they consider themselves much superior to Russian people? 4. Was the testing of the model a success? 5. Did practical result follow? Вариант 4I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. The automatic equipment is being installed in our shop. 2. Radioactive isotopes have been made in nuclear reactor. 3. The construction of this house will be completed in a month. 4. The engineer was asked about the new technology used at the plant. II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one. 1. The success in chemistry made it possible to obtain a lot of new materials. 2. One must apply the materials that can be machined easily. 3. It is the energy of falling water that is used to drive turbines. III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do. 1. The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits. 2. The engineers are to study the problem of using solar energy. 3. We had to use a computer to make these calculations. 4. One never knows what he can do. IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение. 1. I think the drawing will be ready by tomorrow. 2. The phenomenon Roentgen discovered is widely used in medicine. V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива. 1. To design new buildings is the work of an architect. 2. To measure volumes we must know the dimensions of a body. 3. The purpose of this book is to describe certain properties of metals. 4. She is leaving for the conference to be held in Moscow. VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 3-й абзацы. Пояснения к тексту: 1. to propel – приводить в движение 2. self-propelled – самоходный, самодвижущийся 3. engine – машина, двигатель. The early days of the automobile1. One of the earliest attempts to propel1 a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled2 vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine3 which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The carriage was a great achievement but it was far from perfect and extremely inefficient. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop 100 yards to make more steam. 2. From 1800 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them. 3. After World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are four-cylinder engines. 4. Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine-cars, as they had come to be known, caused huge capital flow into the automobile industry. From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rise from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960it had reached 60 million! No other industry had ever developed at such a rate. VII. Прочитайте 3 и 4-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно. 1. Was the motor car the product of any single inventor? 2. What vehicles were developed gradually? 3. What did the development of these vehicles cause? 4. How many cars were manufactured in 1960? 5. Had other industry ever developed at such a rate? жүктеу/скачать 292.5 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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