1.2 The Stages of the Formation of Concept of the Category of Gender in
Linguistics.
Gender studies are strongly interdisciplinary in nature. Gender is a large
complex of social and psychological processes, as well as cultural attitudes generated
by society and affecting the behavior of a national linguistic personality. In gender
there is a complex intertwining of cultural, psychological and social aspects. Therefore,
it is of interest not only for philosophers and sociologists, but also for representatives
of a number of sciences, including linguists.
So, there is gender psychology, gender linguistics and gender poetics are being
formed. Currently, gender studies play a significant role in various areas of the
humanities.
The prehistory of gender studies in linguistics is rooted in antiquity and is
associated with the emergence of the symbolic and semantic concept of the category
of the genus, which considers it in close connection with immediate reality: the
presence of people of different sexes.
For a long time, the topic of the relationship between language and gender was
peripheral in linguistics; systematic research in this area has not been carried out. And
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only at the beginning of the twentieth century, the topic of language and gender in
linguistics began to move to the fore, which was facilitated by the following
Circumstances: firstly, this issue became interesting to world-renowned linguists
who founded a number of trends in linguistics of the twentieth century, such as O.
Espersen, E. Sapir, F. Moutner.
Secondly, the social plan began to come to the fore in the linguistic description.
The study of the relationship between the language and the gender of its speakers
can be divided into two periods, the border of which is the 60s of the twentieth century:
1) irregular (and not related to related sciences) research, based mainly on
observations of disparate facts;
2) large-scale research since the 60s, due to the growing interest in the pragmatic
aspect of linguistics, the development of sociolinguistics and
significant changes in the traditional distribution of male and female roles in
society.
The category gender was introduced into the conceptual apparatus of science in
the late 60s and early 70s of the twentieth century and was used first in history,
historiography, sociology, and psychology, and then it was perceived in linguistics,
proving to be fruitful for pragmatics and anthropo-oriented descriptions in general.
The gender factor, taking into account the natural sex of a person and its social
consequences, is one of the essential characteristics of a person throughout her life.
The term gender, thus, has been used to describe the social, cultural,
psychological aspects of the feminine versus masculine. During this period, it was
mainly about women's studies.
In the 80s of the twentieth century, a more balanced understanding of gender
appeared as a problem not only of the explication of women's history, female
psychology, etc., but also as a problem of a comprehensive study of femininity and
masculinity and associated social and cultural expectations. In the 90s, a direction arose
that explores only masculinity, and the realization came that masculinity has different
manifestations in any society, the main of these directions has received the name of
hegomonic masculinity.
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At the same time, in science to this day there is no single view of the nature of
gender. It is referred, on the one hand, to mental constructs, or models, developed for
the purpose of a clearer scientific description of the problems of sex and the delineation
of its biological and sociocultural functions. On the other hand, gender is viewed as a
social construct created by society, including through language.
Drawing attention to the weak structuredness of the field of gender studies in the
humanities there are three directions of gender studies:
1) gender as a tool for sociological analysis;
2) understanding gender as a tool for women's research;
3) gender as a cultural interpretation.
Today there is a development of the following areas, which are represented by
varying degrees elaboration:
1. Study of vocabulary, phraseology and paremiology, the grammatical system
of the language in order to identify gender asymmetry in the language of cultural
stereotypes of femininity and masculinity.
2. Comparative research on the material of two or more languages,
revealing how strong gender asymmetries are in different languages. So, in the
Russian language there are a number of phenomena that are different from German,
for example, the presence of a female voice in Russian paremiology and the absence
of such in German. it
allows, at least in the aspect of paremiology, to assert that the Russian language
is less androcentric than German.
3. Research into the written and oral speech behavior of men and women from
the standpoint of interactionism and the theory of speech acts, that is, the goals of the
statement, strategy and tactics of speech behavior, are also promising.
Research is also needed on the subject of gender dominance in communication,
i.e. giving the floor, the opportunity to bring the statement to
the end, the frequency of interrupting each other, etc.
4. Statistical probabilistic and stylistic studies of female and male speech are
needed in order to create and describe male and female writing. It is also extremely
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interesting to find out the influence on male and female speech of a whole series of
psychophysiological and
social factors (age, altered states of consciousness, status position of a person,
profession, etc.) and the creation of authorship methods based on this.
вывод
Currently, when studying the problem of the interaction of language and gender
and the presence of certain features of male and female speech behavior, the following
main areas of research can be identified:
- identification of certain differences in language levels: phonetics, morphology,
semantics and syntax, as well as differences in the field of verbal stereotypes in the
perception of women and men;
- identifying semantic differences that are explained by the peculiarities of the
redistribution of social functions in society - an approach exclusively from a gender
perspective, associated with the social nature of the language of women and men;
- construction of psycholinguistic theories, in which the female and male
languages are reduced to the characteristics of the behavior of women and men;
- Correct explanation of the identified indicators, in this case it is important not
only to determine the frequency of discrepancies, but also to establish a connection
with various aspects of the picture of the world.
In the current time it can be asserted that gender research has formed as a new
direction of linguistics, the main terms have already been recognized, the empirical
base of research is expanding due to the different languages, which have not yet been
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considered from a gender perspective. Gender studies allow us to take a fresh look at
many linguistic phenomena and processes, to give them a more comprehensive
assessment.
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