Ғ. Н.Қисметова Ағылшын тілі грамматикасы
part of the profits as a return on the investment and period during which
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part of the profits as a return on the investment and period during which the capital was at risk. Capital in this instance is simply the accumulation of previous suipluses on previous business activities. In this way the past is used to finance the future. The accumulation of capital is almost always deliberate, either on the part of Individual citizens or on the part of the state. Even in non- capitalistic societies a certain part of the surplus achieved in any enterprise is ploughed back into the system in order to promote further growth. When capital, labor and enterprise combine to make a new business successful, the business must still continue to compete on the market with other companies producing the same type of commodity. The term market, used by economists, is a logical extension from the idea of place set aside for buying and selling. Formerly, part of a town was kept as a marketplace, and country people would come in on market-days to buy and sell. Market today need not however be located in any fixed place: the sugar market and the cotton market are not geographical locations, but simply sets of conditions which permit buyers and sellers to work together. In a free market, competition takes place among sellers in order to sell their commodities at the best possible price and among buyers in order to obtain what they want at a price which suits them. Such competition influence prices. Changers in supply and demand have their effects, and it is not surprising that considerable fluctuations in price can take place over periods of weeks and months. Since these modem markets are not normally located in any special place, buyers and sellers do not always have to meet face-to-face. They may communicate by letter, by cable, by telephone or through their agents. In a perfect market, such communications are easy, buyers and sellers are numerous, and competition is completely free. In a perfect market there can be only one price for any given commodity: the lowest price which sellers will accept. There are, however, no really perfect markets, because each market is subjected to its own peculiar conditions. It can be said, however, that the price ruling in a market indicates the point where supply and demand meet. Monopoly is one of the peculiar which can affect the sale and purchase of certain commodities. In some markets, there may be only one seller or a cartel of seller working very closely together to control prices. The result of such monopolistic activity is to fix prices at a level suitable to the seller, a level which may bring him artificially high profits. Many governments dislike this procedure and have taken legal action to restrict or halt any 113 business activities directed towards cornering the market. In the U.S anti trust laws operate to limit cartels and mergers, while in Britain the Monopolies Commission examines all special arrangements and mergers referred to them by the Board of Trade which appear to operate against the public interest. This type of monopoly is not the only possibility, however. There are three other forms: state, legal and natural. State monopolies are quite common nowadays, where the authorities in a particular country control industries like steel and transport or important and prestigious services like national airlines. Legal monopolies are different, because the law permits certain individuals to benefit from their special inventions, discoveries or processes. No person may infringe their rights in respect to such monopolies. Finally, natural monopoly arises where a nation or individual possesses most of a particular mineral for reasons of geography and geology. Canadian nickel and South African gold are two well-known examples of this kind of monopoly. жүктеу/скачать 3.76 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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