Учебное пособие для студентов 3 курса специальности 032301. 65 Регионоведение Чита 2008 (075)
Exercise V. In each sentence below, the word or words in capital letters have been scrambled. Write the words correctly on the blanks
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- Exercise VII. Translate the following text into English using new words and word combinations from the text. Население США
- Colonial National historical Park. Among the many additions made to the park system late in the 50s were the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park
- Booker T. Washington National Monument
- Yellowstone Park
- Acadia
- Jewel Cave
- Crater Lake and Yellowstone Park
- Vocabulary to incorporate influx to loop in zigzag to perpetuate backbone to be in charge of to impregnate aptly hot spring
- Exercise I. Find in the English – English dictionary the difference between the following words. Use them in the sentences of your own to illustrate their meaning.
- Exercise III. Translate from Russian into English.
- ) the Northeast , (2) the Great Lakes
- Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut
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Exercise V. In each sentence below, the word or words in capital letters have been scrambled. Write the words correctly on the blanks. _________ 1. The first Americans are now called DANSINI. _________ 2. People of Spanish ancestry are called PICASHISN. _________ 3. Many people from CAIRAF were brought to the Americas as slaves. _________ 4. At the end of the CLIVI RAW, slavery was outlawed. _________ 5. People who move frequently are considered very BLEOMI. _________ 6. About 75 percent of the American people live in BURNA areas. _________ 7. The United States is a representative MARCCDEYO. _________8. The largest minority group in America consists of FROASANACIRE. _________9. SRETIMNALANASIC are another ethnic group of people from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba. _________ 10. Minorities of Asian STENDEC include Chinese, Japanese, Indochinese and others. Exercise VII. Translate the following text into English using new words and word combinations from the text. Население США Основную часть населения составляют американцы — нация, сформировавшаяся в ходе смешения и этнической интеграции потомков переселенцев из стран Европы. Среди иммигрантов XVII —XVIII вв. преобладали англичане, ставшие ядром американского народа, шотландцы, голландцы, немцы, ирландцы; с 3-й четверти XIX в. — немцы, ирландцы, англичане, выходцы из скандинавских стран; с последней четверти — итальянцы и переселенцы из Австро-Венгрии, России и др. стран Южной и Восточной Европы. В XX в. в иммиграции всё более усиливается доля переселенцев из стран Американского континента — Канады, Мексики, Вест-Индии. В XVII —XVIII вв. из Африки ввезено много негров - рабов. Все эти группы постепенно ассимилировались, воспринимали английский язык (в его американском варианте) и участвовали в создании американской культуры. Этот процесс сопровождался экономической и бытовой дискриминацией, которой в меняющихся формах подвергались разные группы населения. В силу особенностей формирования американская нация сохраняет внутреннюю неоднородность. Особенно выделяются негры (около 23 млн чел.), образовавшие своего рода этнографическую группу внутри американской нации. Иммигранты составляют переходные этнические группы. Между ними и собственно американской нацией невозможно провести чёткой разграничительной линии. Численность американцев в узком смысле, включая негров и иммигрантов (начиная с 3-го поколения), — примерно 180 млн чел. Наряду с продолжающейся ассимиляцией наблюдается тенденция к обособлению и сплочению ряда этнических групп. По вероисповеданию около 55 % населения — протестанты разных церквей и толков, около 37 % — католики, остальные — православные, иудаисты, небольшое число мусульман, буддистов и др. 
Few people realize that the United States national-park system is constantly growing and changing. Each year the Interior Department’s National Park Service adds a park or monument here, discards one there. Much more land is being added than dropped. For example, between 1955 and 1960 the system grew by 500,000 acres to reach a grand total of nearly 24,500,000 acres. This immense stretch, larger than each of several whole nations in Europe, incorporates not only national parks, monuments and recreational areas but several other categories. These include historical parks, battlefield sites, military parks, historic sites, parkways and so on. The Department of Agriculture also maintains a number of national forests to protect and develop timber resources. The park service’s housekeeping job has become enormous. In 1956 the service began, in a project called Mission 66, to increase facilities to meet the expected influx. The Congress responded by increasing the service’s budget. A number of private donors also contributed, enabling the service to improve trails, roads, utility systems, campgrounds, trailer courts and parkways throughout the nation. A major aim of Mission 66 is to promote understanding of the park system. Several visitor centers have been built near parks and sites. Such a center offers lectures, displays maps, distributes pamphlets and even shows motion pictures about the area. Mission 66 has also built roads linking the three historic spots, the whole forming the new Colonial National historical Park. Among the many additions made to the park system late in the 50s were the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park in Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia; the Virgin Islands National Park in the Virgin Islands; and two sites honoring national leaders – Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Island in the Potomac River, Washington, D.C.; and Booker T. Washington National Monument near Rocky Mount, Virginia. The park system has deep historical roots. Before the adoption of the Articles of Confederation several of the states claimed unoccupied lands west of the Alleghenies. These they ceded to the national Government; and as additions were made to the United States, the ownership of all land (except in Texas) not already in private hands was vested in the Government. Most of these lands have now passed into private ownership. However, the Government still owns millions of acres scattered through many states of the West. Some of them are open to settlement (although all the best agricultural land is gone), but much of them have been set aside for the recreational use of all the people. The first of the national parks was Wyoming’s Yellowstone, created in 1872. Such parks are created by Congress for the sake of developing and perpetuating them for the public enjoyment. National monuments, on the other hand, are proclaimed by the president to conserve some restricted area of unusual scientific or historic interest. Most of the national monuments are small, though some include large areas. Parks, monuments and forests welcome thousands of vacationists every summer. A map of national forests would show vast areas reaching from Canada to Mexico along the rocky backbone of the continent and from the desert to the mountain meadows. Most of the national parks and nearly all of the national monuments would show up as mere dots here and there, although Yellowstone Park has an area of 3,458 square miles, chiefly in Wyoming, though spreading into Montana and Idaho; and Glacier Park on the Canadian border is nearly half as large. Several others are of considerable size. The national parks may be roughly classified as four kinds – (1) those remarkable chiefly for their extraordinary scenic beauties, as stupendous waterfalls, gigantic trees of prehistoric age, the highest mountain peak in North America and the marine vistas of historic Acadia; (2) those displaying such evidences of erosion as remarkable limestone caves and stupendous canyons wonderfully carved and colored; (3) those illustrating glacial action; and (4) those containing volcanic phenomena, geysers and hot springs. Instead of describing them in their chronological order, it seems more interesting to group them according to characteristics. The nation has provided roads, trails, supervised campgrounds and hotels. Three scenic parks are in the East. Acadia, in Maine, was first established, then the Great Smoky Mountains in North Carolina and Tennessee sees, and the Shenandoah in Virginia. Yosemite National Park is famous for its falls. Yosemite Valley, the best known feature of Yosemite National Park, is a canyon seven miles long with walls in places three thousand feet in height down which pour Yosemite Falls. Vernal Falls are unsurpassed for sheer loveliness. Bridal Veil Falls, aptly named, drops 620 feet and the slender Ribbon Falls makes a straight drop of 1,612 feet. Nevada Falls drops 594 feet behind the evergreens. Equally spectacular are the summits that rise from the valley floor. Cathedral Rocks, El Capitan and Sentinel Dome are exceeded by Half Dome and Clouds Rest. Of the parks remarkable as works of erosion, the Grand Canyon of the Colorado in Arizona is by far the most extraordinary. Throughout the ages the Colorado River and its tributaries have gouged out of the sandstone a network of mysterious chasms and at one point the water flows red-silted nearly six thousand feet beneath the canyon’s rim. The great natural barrier is more than two hundred miles in length, but in places one may descend on mule-back by trails that loop in zigzag. The total area of the park is over thousand square miles. Mesa Verde, Colorado, is a green tableland, which is famous for its prehistoric cliff-dweller ruin, called Cliff Palace. The park was created in 1906 when Spruce Tree House was discovered and Sun Temple was unearthed. The latter is the largest of many cliff–dwellings, each of which had living and storerooms for numerous clans, as well as kivas or rooms for religious ceremonials. Caves as well as canyons have been formed by erosion, and numbers of limestone caverns have been formed by the action of underground waters, perhaps through ages of time; and all are more or less characterized by stalactites formed by the drip of water impregnated with carbonic acid and by stalagmites formed by the ground splash from the stalactites which has caused them to grow slowly upward beneath them. The national parks of such wonders are the Carlsbad Caverns in the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico, Wind Cave of South Dakota and Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. The national monuments include several additional caves of great beauty – Jewel Cave in South Dakota, Lehman Caves in Nevada, the Oregon Caves, and Shoshone Cave of Utah. The parks characterized by glaciers are Glacier Park and Rainier, while Rocky Mountain Park, in northern Colorado, and Grand Teton, in Wyoming, show signs of glacial action. The snowfalls, settling in the crater, press themselves into ice and slide, of their own weight, down the rocky slopes, here grinding down the softer rock strata, there rumbling over precipices until the air of lower altitude melts them to rivers milky with sediment. As there is less to impede the ice-flow in mid-stream, crevasses are formed which yawn, green and clear, for hundreds of feet, and climbing-parties are safe only with experienced guides. The national parks distinguished first for their volcanic origin include Hawaii, with two active volcanoes, a lake of boiling lava and an extinct volcano, Crater Lake and Yellowstone Park. This park contains more geysers than are found in the rest of the world put together. This largest park was preceded by forty years by the smallest, the radioactive Hot Springs of Arkansas. Lassen Volcanic National Park in northern California was created just before the eruption of Lassen Peak in 1916. Many famous battlegrounds – Yorktown, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Richmond and Little Bighorn, to name only few – are marked by parks, cemeteries and monuments. Some historical sites that have been set aside as national monuments include that of the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia; Fort McHenry in Maryland, where the national anthem was inspired; Appomattox Court House in Virginia where General Robert E. Lee’s surrender to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865 brought an end to the bloody Civil War. When the United States Government first awoke to the need of forest conservation, an act of 1891 gave President Harrison authority to set aside ungranted land as forest reserves. In 1905 was organized under the United States Department of Agriculture. In 1907 the name Forest Reserves was changed to National Forests. President Theodore Roosevelt showed special zeal in adding forests to the conservation areas. The national forests of the US and its territories cover approximately 180,000,000 acres – more than one acre for each inhabitant, on the average. Each year they yield millions of dollars to the Federal Government, chiefly from their timber crop, partly from the leasing of grazing and other privileges. Yet fire annually destroys over a billion board feet of timber; insects, disease and occasional windfalls an even greater quantity. The fire-fighting is led by the Forest Rangers, the saving of trees from loss and the planting of new growth is therefore of extreme importance. The Forest Supervisor is in charge of a property which must be protected, developed and improved; but he is also a sales manager and his responsibilities include fire protection, forest experiment stations and tree nurseries, forest products laboratories and the enforcement of grazing and lumbering privileges. The states which include the largest areas of national forests within their boundaries are Idaho, California, Montana, Texas, Colorado and Arizona. Vocabulary to incorporate influx to loop in zigzag to perpetuate backbone to be in charge of to impregnate aptly hot spring to cede stupendous an extinct volcano to impede stalactites to show one's zeal to surpass stalagmites Forest Service chasm kiva tree nursery to discard forest reserve scenic to rumble over precipices Comprehension check Exercise I. Scan the text for the answers to the given questions.
Vocabulary Study Exercise I. Find in the English – English dictionary the difference between the following words. Use them in the sentences of your own to illustrate their meaning. 1) cave n; 2) kiva n; 3) crevasse n; 4) precipice n; 5) chasm n; 6) stalactite n; 7) stalagmite n. Exercise II. Paraphrase the following expressions, using new words and phrases from the text. 1) suited to a purpose; 2) a cylinder of calcium carbonate hanging from the roof of a limestone cave; 3) to move in an arc (in alternating directions); 4) the visual percept of a region; 5) a Pueblo Indian ceremonial structure that is usually round and partly underground; 6) a cylinder of calcium carbonate projecting upward from the floor of a limestone cave; 7) to make a low noise over a very steep cliff or overhanging place; 8) relating to natural scenery; 9) a source of ground water with temperature above 98 °; 10) a broad landscape thoroughfare; 11) to blend or combine thoroughly to form a consistent body; 12) inflow; 13) to make something everlasting; 14) awesome, marvelous; 15) throw or cast away. Exercise III. Translate from Russian into English. Один из крупнейших национальных парков США — заповедник Йеллоустон — находится на северо-западе штата Вайоминг. Это геологическое чудо природы с 200 гейзерами, ошеломляющим буйством красок и ущельями, выпускающими облака пара из серных источников. Национальный заповедник Гранд-Каньон расположен на северо-западе Аризоны. Это самый большой речной каньон мира и самая большая достопримечательность юго-запада США. Самое популярное времяпрепровождения здесь — экскурсия над каньоном на вертолете и сплав на плотах вниз по Колорадо до тех мест, где река выходит на равнину. Лучшее место для осмотра Каньона - Яки-Пойнт, вид на изгиб Каньона оттуда открывается потрясающий, гораздо интереснее, чем на западных смотровых точках. Недалеко от Каньона находится знаменитый Метеор-Крейтэ — здесь 50 тыс. лет назад упал метеорит, оставив воронку в 174 м глубиной и 1 250 м диаметром, сохранившуюся почти неизменной благодаря сухому климату. Тут же музей, посвященный метеоритам, а поскольку в кратере тренировались американские астронавты перед высадкой на Луну — то есть и раздел, посвященный американской астронавтике. Национальный парк Брайс-Каньон (шт. Юта) — огромная котловина, заполненная колоннами, шпилями, "пальцами" самых невероятных форм и нежнейших расцветок — красные, розовые и белые песчаники, изрезанные до невероятности, переплетение цветов, наложенное на нереальные фигуры. Длина каньона 443 км, ширина в среднем 16 км (максимальная — 29 км), глубина 2103 м. Национальный парк Роки-Маунтин — любимое место летнего отдыха американцев. Маршруты на любой вкус — к озерам, к водопадам, на вершины, а также в районы обитания многочисленных животных. Тропический рай ("Попугаевые джунгли") — парк, ботанический и зоологический сад, с экспозицией в более чем 1100 экзотических птиц и 1200 тропических растений, а также джунгли, водопады, озера, прекрасное шоу с дрессированными редкими птицами и животными. Национальный заповедник Эверглейдс расположен на 557 тыс. га земли и водного пространства с прекрасно сохранившейся дикой субтропической природой, мангровыми зарослями, редкими видами птиц и уникальными тропическими растениями. 
The United States is the leading economic power in the world. It is a fully-developed industrial country with a very solid agricultural basis. Its people enjoy a high standard of living though there remain many important social problems which are to be solved. Highly-advanced technology provides a system of communications and transportation to tie the country and its people together. The states of the United States can be grouped into regions that have common historical, economic and physical characteristics. From this point of view we can single out major regions. They are: (1) the Northeast, (2) the Great Lakes, (3) the South, (4) the Plains, (5) the Rocky -Mountains, and (6) the Pacific states. In some cases, these economic regions include the same areas as the major physical regions. T  HE NORTHEAST. The Northeast is made up of the New England states and the Middle Atlantic States. The New England states generally lie east of the Hudson River valley. They are Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The Middle Atlantic States are New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey and Maryland.
The manufacturing industry and trade have made the Northeast an urban region. About 80 percent of the people live in cities that produce goods like steel, clothing, and books. The Northeast was the first region in the United States to industrialize. This is the place often called the "melting pot" – the fusion of people from many nations into Americans. It was a gateway to the rest of the land. Generations of exasperated farmers in New England complained that the chief product of their land is stones. But the very rockiness of the soil was a great aid to industry. In the mountains and hills of New England rocks created numerous waterfalls that could be harnessed for waterpower. In the 1800's, factory owners used the fast-moving rivers flowing down from the Appalachian Highlands to power machinery for textile mills. Important resources of iron ore, coal, limestone and timber provided for growth of industry. Today, manufacturing employs more people in the region than any other activity. The region's largest cities are ports built around good natural harbors. They are Boston, Providence, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore. An almost unbelievable quantity of freight is carried across the Great Lakes, and most of the shipments are raw materials. The cargo tonnage, which passes between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, is approximately equal to the combined capacity of the Panama and Suez Canals. The skyscrapers of New York, the steel mills of Pittsburgh, the automobile assembly lines of Detroit - these symbols of industrial America belong to this region. New York is the largest city in the country and one of the major cities of the world with more than 7 million people. But the New York metropolitan area - the city with the closely connected suburbs and smaller cities - has over 9 million people. Baltimore and Philadelphia are among the largest cities in the country. Buffalo is an important river port and grain-milling centre. It should be mentioned that several of the cities on the Great Lakes grew up first as grain-milling centres, and even today grain is a major cargo of the Lakes freighters. Detroit, the heart of the automobile industry, began as a wagon-making town using wood from the forests that covered the peninsula between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. There are still areas of the true wilderness such as the forests on the northern part of the State of Maine where to this day the only way of crossing great stretches of land or water is by foot or canoe. Today, four of the most heavily populated areas in the Northeast are centered around the seaports of Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore. These four places are not only important ports, but also leading industrial centres. The greatest part of America's industry depends upon three resources: iron ore from the Lake Superior area, coal from the Allegheny hills of western Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and transportation across the Great Lakes. Steel-making is basic, but there are many other related industries in this area too – glass, nonferrous metals, chemicals, rubber, and machinery. Pittsburgh, in the heart of coalfields, was the first of the great steel cities. Today, the Pittsburgh area still produces about one-fifth of the nation's steel, and also ships coal to the other great steel-making centers – Chicago, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, Buffalo, etc. In addition to manufacturing and trade, about 20 percent of the economic activity of the Northeast is connected with service. A service industry can include such activities as finance and banking, entertainment, education, insurance, government. Newark, New York, Hartford and Boston, for example, are cities where the country's largest insurance companies are situated. New York is a world centre of banking and entertainment. Boston has for long been one of the country's most important centres of higher education. Washington D.C., the nation's capital, has about half of its workers in government service. As an agricultural region, the Northeast does not have large areas of good land. Small farms are numerous in this region. Most are around 81 hectares in size. In the Middle Atlantic States grains, fruits, and vegetables are grown. There is extensive farming in the New England states with one crop being grown. Maine is famous for potatoes. The Connecticut River valley is known for tobacco. Dairy and poultry farms are found in several areas. In addition to this farming, the Northeast is well known all over the United States for its fishing industry. This is quite natural because of the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The Northeast has rich fishing areas along the Atlantic coast. The fishing industry developed rapidly here to compensate the rocky land and the poor soils. Today, large numbers of flounder, cod, herring, halibut and other fish are caught. The fishing rules are very strict; and the government takes very severe measures against those who do not observe the fishing regulations. This explains why it is possible to achieve good catches of fish, and at the same time preserve the fishing grounds with the necessary supply of fish. The fish are caught, processed and shipped both overseas and to other areas of the United States. The fish market in New York is famous not only in the United States, but all over the world both for the amount of fish sold and the different types of fish which satisfy the tastes of any buyer. жүктеу/скачать 1.4 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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