Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги фарғона давлат университети
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| Polysemy is a generic term the use of which must be confined to lexicology as an
aspect of the science of language. In actual speech polysemy vanishes unless it is deliberately retained for certain stylistic purposes. A context that does not seek to produce any particular stylistic effect generally materializes one definite meaning. That is why we state that polysemy vanishes in speech, or language-in-action. Example: “Then hate me if thou wilt, if ever now” (Shakespeare) The verb “hate” here materializes several meanings. This become apparent when one reads sonnet 90 to the end and compares the meanings of this word with other verbs used synonymously. The principal meanings of this word are: “dislike”, “stop loving”, “become indifferent to”, “feel aversion for” etc. There are special stylistic devices which make a word materialize two distinct dictionary meanings. They are zeugma and the pun. Zeugma is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations to two adjacent words in the context, the semantic relations being on the one hand literal, and on the other, transferred. “Dora, plunging at once into privileged intimacy and into the middle of the room” (B.Shaw) “To plunge” (into the middle of the room) materialized the meaning “to rush into” or “enter impetuously”. Here it is used in its concrete, primary, literal meaning: in “to plunge into privileged intimacy” the word “plunge is used in its transferred meaning. The Pun is another stylistic device based on the interaction of two well-known meanings of a word or phrase. It is difficult to draw a hard and fast distinction between zeugma and the pun. The only reliable distinguishing feature is a structural one: zeugma is the realization of two meanings with the help of a verb which is made to refer to different subjects or objects (direct ot indirect). The pun is more independent. The pun entirely free. Like any other stylistic device. It must depend on a context. Example: “The Importance of being Earnest” has a pun in it, inasmuch as the name of the hero and the adjective meaning “seriously minded” are both present in our mind. P u n, z e u g ma , s e ma n t i c a l l y f a l s e c ha i ns a n d n o ns e n s e o f no n - s e q u e nc e a r e u n i t e d i n t o a s ma l l g r o u p a s t h e y h a ve m u c h i n c o m mo n b o t h i n t h e me c ha n i s m o f t h e i r f o r ma t io n a n d i n t h e i r f u n c t i o n. I n t he s t y l i s t ic t r a d i t i o n o f t he E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g c o u n t r i e s o n l y t he f i r s t t w o ( p u n a n d z e u g ma ) a r e w i d e l y d is c us s e d . T he l a t t e r ma y b e v ie w e d a s s l i g h t v a r i a t i o n s o f t h e f i r s t o n e s . T h e f o u r s o me p e r f o r m t he s a m e 36 s t y l i s t i c f u n c t i o n i n s p e e c h a n d o p e r a t e o n t h e s a me l i n g u i s t ic me c ha n i s m. N a me l y, o ne w o r d - f o r m i s d e l i b e r a t e l y u s e d i n t w o m e a n i n g s . T he e f f e c t o f t h e s e le x i c a l s t y l i s t i c d e v i c e s i s h u mo r o us . C o nt e xt u a l c o n d i t i o ns l e a d i n g t o t he s i m u l t a ne o us r e a l i z a t i o n o f t w o me a n i n g s . T he fo r ma t io n o fp un ma y va r y. O ne spe ake r’ s utte ra nce ma y be w r o ng i n t e r p r e t e d b y t h e o t he r d u e t o t he e x is t e nc e o f d i f f e r e n t me a n i n g o f t h e m i s i n t e r p r e t e d w o r d o r it s h o mo n y m. F o r e x a mp l e , “ Ha v e y o u b e e n see ing a ny sp ir its ?” “ Or tak in g any?” T he first “ sp ir its” re fer s to s u p e r na t u r a l f o r c e s , t h e s e c o nd o n e – t o s t r o n g d r i n k s . P u n n i n g ma y b e a lso t he res ult o f t he s peake r’ s inte nde d vio lat io n o f t he lis te ner’ s e xp e c t a t i o n. W e d e a l w i t h z e u g ma w he n p o l y s e m a n t i c v e r b s t ha t c a n b e c o mb i n e d w it h n o u n s o f mo s t v a r y i n g s e ma n t ic g r o u p s a r e d e l i b e r a t e l y u s e d w i t h t w o o r mo r e h o m o g e n e o u s m e m b e r s w h i c h a r e n o t c o n n e c t e d s e m a n t i c a l l y , a s i n s u c h e xa mp l e : “ He t o o k h is h a t a n d h is l e a v e ” . Z e u g ma i s h i g h l y c h a r a c t e r is t ic o f E n g l i s h p r o s e o f p r e v i o u s c e n t u r i e s . W he n t h e n u m b e r o f h o m o g e n e o u s m e m b e r s , s e ma n t i c a l l y d i s c o n n e c t e d b ut a t t a c h e d t o t h e s a me ve r b i n c r e a s e s w e d e a l w i t h s e ma n t ic a l l y f a ls e c ha i ns , w h i c h a r e t h u s a v a r i a t i o n o f z e u g ma . As a r u l e , i t i s t h e l a s t m e m b e r o f t h e c h a i n t h a t f a l l s o u t o f t he s e ma n t i c g r o u p , p r o d u c i n g hu mo r o us e f fect. T he fo llo w ing case ma y se r ve a n e xa mp le : “ A G o ve r n e s s w a n t e d . M us t p o s s e s s k no w l e d g e o f R u ma n i a n, I t a l i a n, Spa nis h, G er ma n, M us ic a nd M ini ng E nginee r ing”. I n mo s t e xa mp l e s o f z e u g ma t h e ve r b l o s e s s o me o f i t s s e ma n t i c i n d e p e n d e nc e a n d s t r e n g t h b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d a s me mb e r o f p hr a s e o l o g i c a l u n i t o r c l i c h e . N o ns e n s e o f n o n - s e q ue n c e r e s u l t s i n j o i n i n g t w o s e ma n t i c a l l y d is c o n n e c t e d c la u s e s i n t o o ne s e n t e n c e , a s i n : “ E mp e r o r N e r o p la y e d t he fid d le, so t he y b ur nt Ro me ”. Two d isc o nne cte d stat e me nts are f o r c i b l y l i n k e d t o g e t h e r . I n a l l p r e v i o u s l y d i s c us s e d le x i c a l s t y l i s t i c d e v i c e s w e d e a l t w it h v a r i o us t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s o f t h e d e n o t a t i o n a l m e a n i n g o f w o r d s , w h i c h p a r t ic i p a t e d i n t h e c r e a t i o n o f me t a p h o r s , me t o n y m i e s , p u n s , z e u g ma s , e t c . E a c h o f t h e s e l e x i c a l s t y l i s t i c d e v i c e s a d d e d e x p r e s s i v e ne s s a nd o r i g i n a l i t y t o t h e no mi n a t i o n o f t h e o b j e c t . T he i r s u b j e c t i v i t y r e l i e s o n t he n e w a nd f r e s h l o o k a t t h e o b j e c t me n t i o ne d a n d s h o w s t h e o b j e c t f r o m a n e w a n d u n e xp e c t e d s id e . жүктеу/скачать 0.64 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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