Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги фарғона давлат университети
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| Quotations.A quotation is repetition of a phrase or statement from a book, speech
and the like used by way of authority, illustration, prof or as a basis for further speculation on the matter in hand. Quotations are usually marked off in the text by inverted commas (“ ”), dashes ( – ), italics or other graphical means. They are mostly used accompanied by a reference to the author of the quotation, unless he is well known to the reader or audience. The reference is made either in the text or in a foot-note and assumes various forms, as for instance: “as (so and so) has it”; “(So and so) once said that”…; “Here we quote (so and so)” or in the manner the reference to Emerson has been made in the epigraph to this chapter. A quotation is the exact reproduction of an actual utterance made by a certain author. The work containing the utterance quoted must have been published or at least spoken in public; for quotations are echoes of somebody else’s words. Allusions.An allusion is an indirect reference, by word or phrase, to a historical, literary, mythological, biblical fact or to fact of everyday life made in the course of speaking or writing. The use of allusion presupposes knowledge of the fact, thing or person alluded to on the part of the reader or listener. As a rule no indication of the source is given. This is one of the notable differences between quotation and allusion. Another difference is of structural nature: a quotation must repeat the exact working of the original even though the meaning may be modified by the new context; an allusion is only a mention of a word or phrase which may be regarded as the key-word of the utterance. An allusion has certain important semantic peculiarities, in that the meaning of the word (the allusion) should be regarded as a form for the new meaning. In other words, the primary meaning of the word or phrase which is assumed to be known (i.e., the allusion) serves as a vessel into which new meaning is poured. So here there is also a kind of interplay between two meanings. Here is a passage in which an allusion is made to the coachman, Old Mr. Weller, the father of Dickens’s famous character, Sam Weller. In this case the nominal meaning is broadened into a generalized concept: “Where is the road now, and its merry incidents of life!.. old honest, pimple-nosed coachmen? I wonder where are they, those good fellow? Is old Weller alive or dead?” (Thackeray) The volume of meaning in this allusion goes beyond the actual knowledge of the character’s traits. Even the phrases about the road and the coachmen bear indirect reference to Dickens’s “Pickwick Papers.” жүктеу/скачать 0.64 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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