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Ex. 3. Using a dictionary read the information below and compare your answers with it
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- Effect of Icing
- Icing Prevention and Removal
- De/anti-icing procedures
Ex. 3. Using a dictionary read the information below and compare your answers with it.IcingIn aviation icing conditions are those atmospheric conditions that can lead to the formation of water ice on the surfaces of an aircraft, or within the engine. Many aircraft are not certified for flight into known icing conditions which are certain to exist based on pilot reports, observations, and forecasts. Effect of IcingWhen flying in icing conditions, ice forms on the airframe critical surfaces and if left unchecked, results in dangerous conditions. Airframe or structural ice adds to an aircraft’s weight and disrupts airflow on affected surfaces. The effects include: increased stall speed (due to the weight increase and airflow disruption on the wing); loss of control (due to disruption of airflow on critical control surfaces); in engines, carburetor ice and inlet ice can lead to reduced power, surge or complete engine failure. Icing Prevention and RemovalSeveral methods exist to reduce the dangers of icing. The first, and simplest, is to avoid icing conditions altogether, but for many flights this is not practical. A thorough inspection of all the airframe critical surfaces must be carried out to establish if any existing contaminant is present as the wings and empennage must be completely free of accreted ice at rotation on take off. If ice is present on an aircraft prior to take-off, this must be removed from its critical surfaces. Removal can take different forms: mechanical means, which may be as simple as using a broom or brush to remove snow; application of de-icing fluid; use of infrared heating to melt and remove contaminants; putting the aircraft into a heated hangar until snow and ice have melted. De/anti-icing proceduresDe-icing is the process of removing frozen contaminant, snow, ice, slush, from a surface. Anti-icing is the process of protecting against the formation of frozen contaminant, snow, ice, slush on a surface between treatment and becoming airborne. It is essential for the flight crew to determine and monitor the applicable Holdover Time, which is the time for which an aircraft can wait after being treated with anti- icing fluid prior to takeoff. Holdover time is influenced by the ambient temperature, wind, precipitation, humidity, aircraft skin temperature, and other factors. жүктеу/скачать 1.29 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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