Вероятностная, or rather a set of interrelated probabilistic systems
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- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- [vɔlənt(ə)rɪ]
- [vedʒɪˌbɜːɡǝ(r)]
- [metrə
- [rɔ:rɔ:]
- [pærəʃu:tist]
- [,zi(ə)rətzi(ə)rəʊ]
- [vaɪ(ə)rəs ]. Quite a number of neologisms appear on the analogy [ənæləʤɪ]
| partial ['pɑ:ʃ(ə)l] and non-partial were formed /имеющие право жить в стране и его антоним/.
The word-group “welfare mother” (мама на соцобеспечении) was formed to denote a non-working single mother living on benefit (жизнь на пособие). In connection with criminalization of towns in UK voluntary ['vɔlənt(ə)rɪ] groups of assisting the police were formed where dwellers (жители) of the neighbourhood are joined. These groups are called neigbourhood watch, home watch. Criminals wear stocking masks (чулочные маски) not to be recognized. The higher society has neologism in their speech, such as: dial-a-meal, dial (циферблат) -a-taxi. In the language of teen-agers there are such words as: Drugs! /OK/, sweat /бег на длинные дистанции/, task /home composition/, brunch (завтрак-обед), etc. With the development of the professional jargons ['ʤɑ:gən] a lot of words ending in “speak” appeared in English, e.g. artspeak, sportspeak, medspeak, education-speak, video-speak, cable-speak etc. There are different semantic groups of neologisms belonging to everyday life: 1) food e.g. starter /instead of “hors d’oevres”/, microbiotics /raw vegetables, crude rice (неочищенный) /, longlife milk, clingfilm (пищевая пленка), microwave stove, consumer electronics (потребительская электроника), fridge-freezer (холодильник-морозильник), hamburgers /beef-, cheese-, fish-, vege- ['vedʒɪˌbɜːɡǝ(r)] /. 2) clothing e.g. catsuit /one piece clingning suit (комбинезон- облегающий цельный костюм//, slimster, string (верёвка) /miniscule bikini ['mɪnɪsˌkjuːl [bɪ'ki:nɪ] /, hipsters /trousers or skirt with the belt on hips/,completenik /a long sweater for trousers/, swetnik /a long jacket/, pants-skirt bloomers /lady’s sports trousers/. 3) footwear e.g. winklepickers /shoes with long pointed toes – (обувь с длинными острыми носами) /, thongs /open sandals (стринги-открытые сандалии )/, backsters /beech sandals with thick soles/ (буковые сандалии на толстой подошве/. 4) bags e.g. bumbag /a small bag worn on waist/, sling bag /a bag with a long belt/, maitre ['metrə] /a small bag for cosmetics/. There are also such words as: dangledolly /a dolly-talisman ['tælizmən] dangling in the car before the wind screen/, boot-sale /selling from the boot of the car/, touch-tone /a telephone with press button/. Neologisms can be also classified according to the ways they are formed. They are subdivided into: phonological neologisms, borrowings, semantic neologisms and syntactical neologisms. Syntactical neologisms are divided into morphological /word-building/ and phraseological /forming wordgroups/. Phonological neologisms are formed by combining unique sounds, they are called artificial, e.g. rah-rah ['rɔ:rɔ:] (юбка с воланами) /a short skirt which is worn by girls during parades [pə'reɪd]/, yeck/yuck which are interjections to express repulsion (отвращение )produced the adjective yucky/yecky. These are strong neologisms. Strong neologisms also include phonetic borrowings, such as perestroika /Russian/, solidarnost /Polish, Berufsverbot /German/, dolce vita /Italian/ etc. Morphological and syntactical neologisms are usually built on patterns existing in the language; therefore they do not belong to the group of strong neologisms. Among morphological neologisms there are a lot of compound words of different types, such as free-fall – «резкое падение курса акций appeared in 1987 with the stock market crash in October 1987» / on the analogy with free-fall of parachutists ['pærəʃu:tist], which is the period between jumping and opening the chute/. Here also belong: call-and-recall – вызов на диспансеризацию, bioastronomy – search for life on other planets, rat-out (доносить на) –betrayal in danger, zero-zero [,zi(ə)rət'zi(ə)rəʊ] /ban of longer and shorter range weapon/, x-rated (непристойный) /about films terribly vulgar and cruel/, Amerenglish /American English/, tycoonography /a biography of business ty’coon (олигарх) /. There are also abbreviations of different types such as resto (вернуть), teen /teenager/, dinky /dual income no kids yet (двойной доход),/, ARC /AIDSrelated condition, infection with AIDS/, HIV /human immunodeficiency virus/ ['vaɪ(ə)rəs]. Quite a number of neologisms appear on the analogy [ə'næləʤɪ] with lexical units existing in the language, e.g. snowmobile /automobile/, danceaholic /alcoholic/, airtel /hotel/, cheeseburger /hamburger/, autocade /cavalcade/(автоколонна). There are many neologisms formed by means of affixation, such as: decompress (уменьшать давление), to disimprove (ухудшать), overhoused, educationalist, slimster, folknik (поклонник народной песни и её исполнителей) etc. Phraseological neologisms can be subdivided into phraseological units with transferred meanings e.g. to buy into /to become involved/, fudge and dudge /avoidance of definite decisions/, and set non-idiomatic expressions, e.g. electronic virus, Rubic’s cube, acid rain, boot trade etc. Changes in pronunciation. In Modern British there is a tendency to change pronunciation of some sounds and combinations of sounds due to the influence of American English and some other factors. These changes are most noticeable in the speech of teachers and students of the universities in the Southern part of England / Oxford, Cambridge, London/. There are the following changes in pronouncing vowels: 1) shortening of long vowels, especially at the end of the word and before voiceless consonants, e.g. see, keep; 2) lengthening of short vowels before voiced consonants: big, good, come, jam etc. in such adjectives which end in /d/ lengthening of the vowel is observed all over England e.g. bad, sad, glad, mad etc. 3) drawling [drɔ:l] (растягивать слова) of stressed syllables and clipping (сокращение) unstressed syllables. 4) In unstressed syllables / / is pronounced instead of /i/, e.g. /b’ko:z/, /‘evid ns/ etc. 5) In the words consisting of three or more syllables there is a tendency to have two main stresses e.g. /’nes’s ri/, /’int’restin/. 6) The diphthong /ou/ is pronounced /u/: home /hum/, go /gu/ 7) The diphthong /u/ is pronounced /o:/ e.g. sure /sho:/. Vowels can also change under the influence of consonants: 8) after fricatives (шипящий звук) and consonants /n/ and /m/ /ju:/ is pronounced as /u:/ e.g.: resume, music, news, enthusiasm. жүктеу/скачать 32.26 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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