Ирвин Д. Ялом

1. S. Kierkegaard, cited in E. Becker, The Denial of Death (New York: Free Press, 1973), p. 70.

2. O. Rank, Will Therapy and Truth and Reality (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945), p. 126.

3. P. Tillich, The Courage to Be (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1952), p. 66.

4. Becker, Denial of Death, p. 66.

5. R. Lifton, “The Sense of Immortality: On Death and the Continuity of Life,” in Explorations of Psychohistory, eds. R. Lifton and E. Olson (New York: Simon & Schueter, 1974), p. 282

6. L. Loesser and T. Bry, “The Role of Death Fears in the Etiology of Phobic Anxiety”, International Journal of Group Psychotherapy (1960) 10:287—97.

7. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 124.

8. E. Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1941), p. 6.

9. L. Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych and Other Stories (New York: Signet Classics 1960) pp. 131—32.

10. R. Frost, In the Clearing (New York; Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1962), p. 39.

11. N. Kazantzakis, Report to Greco, trans. P. A. Bien (New York: Simon & Schuster 1965), p. 457.

12. N. Kazantzakis, The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, trans. Kimon Friar (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1958).

13. С. Baker, Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story (New York: Charles Scribner, 1969), p. 5.

14. E. Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea (New York: Charles Scribner, 1961).

15. С. Wahl, “Suicide as a Magical Act”, Bulletin of Menninger Clinic, (May 1957) 21:91—98.

16. F. Kluckholm and F. Stroedbeck, Variations in Value Orientations (New York: Harper & Row, 1961), p. 15.

17. J. M. Keynes, cited in Norman Brown, Life Against Death (New York: Vintage Books, 1959), p. 107.

18. L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina (New York: Modern Library, 1950), p. 168.

19. H. Feifel, Taboo Topics, ed. Norman Forberow (New York: Atherton Press, 1963), p. 15.

20. Rank, Wilt Therapy, p. 130.

21. H. Ibsen, cited in Rank, Will Therapy, p. 131.

22. S. Freud, Some Character Types Met with in Psychoanalytic Work, vol. XIV in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1957; originally published in 1916), pp. 316—31.

23. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 119.

24. A. Maslow, The Further Reaches of Human Nature (New York: Viking, 1971), p. 35.

25. Becker, Denial of Death, pp. 35—39.

26. Fromm, Escape from Freedom. (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1941), pp. 174—79.

27. J. Masserman, The Practice of Dynamic Psychiatry (London: W. B. Saunders, 1955), pp. 476—81.

28. L. Tolstoy, War and Peace (New York: Modern Library, 1931), p. 231.

29. S. Kierkegaard, cited in Rollo May, The Meaning of Anxiety, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), p. 38.

30. M. Heidegger, Being and Time (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 105.

31. S. Arieti, “Psychotherapy of Severe Depression”, American Journal of Psychiatry (1977), 134(8):864—68.

32. Ibid.

33. I. Yalom and G. Elkins, Everyday Gets a Little Closer (New York: Basic Books, 1974).

34. O. Rank, Will Therapy, pp. 119—34.

35. W. Tietz, “School Phobia and the Fear of Death”, Mental Hygiene (1970) 54:565—68.

36. Oral communication. May 1979.

37. E. Greenberger, “Fantasies of Women Confronting Death”, Journal of Consulting Psychology (1965) 29:252—60.

38. M. Mahler, F. Pine, and A. Bergman, The Psychological Birth of the Infant (New York: Basic Books, 1975).

39. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 126.

40. S. Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling and the Sickness unto Death (New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1953), pp. 182—200.

41. Tillich, The Courage to Be, p. 52.

42. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 149.

43. H. Searles, “Schizophrenia and the Inevitability of Death”, Psychiatric Quarterly (1961) 35:631—55.

44. Ibid.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid.

48. N. Brown, Life Against Death (New York: Vintage Books, 1959), p. 107.

49. H. Within, Psychological Differentiation (New York: John Wiley, 1962).

50. H. Witkin, “Psychological Differentiation and Forms of Pathology”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1965) 70(5):317—36.

51. J. Rotter, “Generalized Expectancies for Internal vs. External Control of Reinforcement”, Psychological Monographs (1966) 80 (1, whole #609).

52. E. Phares, Locus of Control in Personality (Morristown, N.J.: General Learning Press, 1976).

53. J. Rotter, “Some Implications of Social Learning Theory for the Prediction of Goal Directed Behavior from Testing Procedures”, Psychology Review (1960) 67:301—16.

54, W. Mischel, R. Zeiss, and A. Zeiss, “Internal-External Control and Persistence”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1974) 29:265—78.

55. Phares, Locus of Control, p. 7.

56. Ibid., pp. 144—56.

57. Ibid., p. 149.

58. P. Duz, “Comparison of the Effects of Behaviorally Oriented Action and Psycho-therapy Reeducation of Intraversion-Extraversion, Emotionality, and Internal-External Control”, Journal of Counseling Psychology (1970) 17:567—72.

59. Witkin, “Psychological Differentiation”, Rotter, “Some Implications”, and Phares, Locus of Control.

60. R. Ryckman and M. Sherman, “Relationship between Self Esteem and Internal-External Locus of Control”, Psychological Reports (1973) 32:1106; and В. Fish and S. Karabenick, “Relationship between Self Esteem and Locus of Control”, Psychological Reports (1971) 29:784.

61. D. Kilpatrick, W. Dubin, and D. Marcotte, “Personality, Stress of the Medical Edu­cation Process and Changes in Affective Mood State”, Psychology Reports (1974) 3:1215—23.

62. F. Melges and A. Weisz, “The Personal Future and Suicidal Ideation”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1971) 153:244—50; and H. Lefcourt, Locus of Control (Hilisdale, N.J.: Lawrence Eribaum, 1976), p. 148.

63. J. Shybutt, “Time Perspective, Internal vs. External Control and Severity of Psychological Disturbance”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1968) 24:312—15; and С. Smith, M. Peyer, and M. Distefano, “Internal-External Control and Severity Emotional Impairment,” Journal of Clinical Psychology (1971) 27:449—50.

64. M. Harrow and A. Ferrante, “Locus of Control in Psychiatric Patients,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1969) 33:582—89; and R. Cromwell, “Description of Parental Behavior in Schizophrenic and Normal Subjects”, Journal of Personality (1961) 29:363—79.

65. С. Fersten, “A Functional Analysis of Depression”, American Psychologist (1973) 28:857—70; P. Lewinsohn, cited in Lefcourt, Aspects of Depression; W. Miller and M. Seligman, “Depression and the Perception of Reinforcement”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1973) 82:62—73; and L. Abramson and H. Sackeim, “A Paradox in Depression: Uncontrollability and Self-Blame”, Psychology Bulletin (1977) 84:838—52.

66. A. Tolor and M. Reznikoff, “Relation between Insight, Repression-Sensitization, Internal-External Control and Death Anxiety”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1967) 72:426—31.

67. A. Berman and J. Hays, “Relation between Death Anxiety, Belief in Afterlife, and Locus of Control”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1973) 41:318.

1. N. Kazantzakis, The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, trans. Kimon Friar (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1958).

2. S. Kierkegaard, cited in R. May, The Meaning of Anxiety, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), p. 37.

3. M. Heidegger, Being and Time (New York: Harper &: Row, 1962), p. 294.

4. F. Nietzsche, The Gay Science, trans. W. Kaufman (New York: Random House, Vintage, 1974), p. 37.

5. M. Montaigne, The Complete Essays of Montaigne, trans. D. Frame (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1945), p. 65.

6. G. Santayana, cited in K. Fisher, “Ultimate Goals in Psychotherapy”, Journal of Existentialism (Winter 1966—67) 7:215—32.

7. R. Assagioli, Psychosynthesis (New York: Viking Press, 1971), p. 116.

8. P. Landsburg, cited in J. Choron, Death and Western Thought (New York: Collier Books, 1963), p. 16.

9. J. Donne, Complete Poetry and Selected Prose (New York: Modern Library, 1952) p 332.

10. R. Gardner, “The Guilt Reaction of Parents of Children with Severe Physical Disease”, American Journal of Psychiatry (1969), 126:82—90.

11. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 105.

12. S. Golburgh and C. Rotman, “The Terror of Life: A Latent Adolescent Nightmare”, Adolescence (1973), 8:569—74.

13. E. Jaques, “Death and the Mid-Life Crisis”, International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1965), 46:502—513.

14. С. Jung, cited in D. Levinson, The Seasons of a Man’s Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), p. 4.

15. D. Krantz, Radical Career Change: Life Beyond Work (New York: Free Press, 1978).

16. R. Noyes, “Attitude Changes Following Near-Death Experiences,” Psychiatry, in press.

17. Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 62.

18. A. Kurland, et al. “Psychedelic Therapy Utilizing LSD in the Treatment of the Alcoholic Patient”, American Journal of Psychiatry (1967) 123(10):1202—9.

19. I. Silbermann, The Psychical Experience during the Shocks in Shock-Therapy”, International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1940) 21:179—200.

20. P. Koestenbaum, Is There an Answer to Death? (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976), pp. 31—41,65—74.

21. E. Aronson, oral communication, 1977.

22. J. Laube, “Death and Dying Workshop for Nurses: Its Effects on Their Death Anxiety Level”, International Journal of Nursing Students (1977) 14:111—120; P. Murray, “Death Education and Its Effects on the Death Anxiety Level of Nurses”, Psychological Reports (1974) 35:1250; J. Bugental, “Confronting the Existential Meaning of My Death Through Group Exercises”, Interpersonal Development (1973) 4:1948—63; and W. Whelan and W. Warren, “A Death Awareness Workshop: Theory Application and Results”, unpublished manuscript, 1977.

23. Whelan and Warren, “Death Awareness Workshop”.

24. J. Fowles, Daniel Martin (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), p. 177.

25. I. Yalom, et al. “The Written Summary as a Group Psychotherapy Technique”, Archives of General Psychiatry (1975) 32:605—13.

26. G. Zilboorg, “Fear of Death”, Psychoanalytic Quarterly (1943) 12:465—75.

27. S. Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, vol. VII in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1957; originally published, 1905), pp. 125—231.

28. M. Stern, “Fear of Death and Neurosis”, Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association (May 1966), pp. 3—31.

29. Dante Alighieri, La Divina Commedia (Florence, Italy: Casa Editrice Nerbini, n. d.); translation by John Freccero, 1980.

30. Jaques, “Death and the Mid-Life Crisis”.

31. H. Rosenberg, “The Fear of Death as an Indispensable Factor in Psychotherapy”, American Journal of Psychotherapy (1963) 17:619—30.

32. J. Breuer and S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1964; originally published, 1895), p. 268.

33. M. Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964), p. 43.

34. Ibid., p. 45.

35. Stern, “Fear of Death”.

36. J. Bugental, The Search for Authenticity (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1965), p. 167.

37. J. Hinton, “The Influence of Previous Personality on Reactions to Having Terminal Cancer”, Omega (1975) 6:95—111.

38. F. Nietzsche, cited in N. Brown, Life Against Death (New York: Vintage Books, 1959), p. 107.

39. H. Searles, “Schizophrenia and the Inevitability of Death”, Psychiatric Quarterly (1961) 35:631—55.

40. Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 268.

41. Whelan and Warren, “Death Awareness Workshop”.

42. D. Kaller, “An Evaluation of a Self-Instructional Program Designed to Reduce Anxiety and Fear about Death and of the Relation of That Program to Sixteen Personal History Variables”, Dissertation Abstracts (May 1975) 35(11):7125-A.

43. E. Pratt, “A Death Education Laboratory as a Medium for Influencing Feelings Toward Death”, Dissertation Abstracts (1974) 4026(B).

44. Laube, “Death and Dying Workshop”.

45. Murray, “Death Education”.

1. J. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, trans. Hazel Barnes (New York: Philosophical Library, 1956), p. 633.

2. J. Sartre, Nausea, trans. Hazel Barnes (New York: New Directions, 1964), pp. 126—130.

3. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. P. Edwards, vol. IV (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1967), p. 308.

4. J. Russel, “Sartre, Therapy, and Expanding the Concept of Responsibility”, American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1978) 38:259—69.

5. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, p. 566.

6. Sartre, cited in D. Follesdal, “Sartre on Freedom”, in Library of Living Philosophers, ed. Paul Schilpp (Evanston: Northwestern University Press), forthcoming.

7. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. V, pp. 416—19.

8. E. Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1941).

9. R. Kogod, oral communication, 1974.

10. V. M. Catch and M. Temerlin, “Belief in Psychic Determinism and the Behavior of the Psychotherapist”, Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry (1965) 5:16—35.

11. M. Mazer, “The Therapeutic Function of the Belief in Will”, Psychiatry (1960) 23:45—52.

12. F. Perls, cited in J. Russel, “Sartre, Therapy”.

13. F. Perls and P. Baumgardner, Legacy from Fritz (Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behavior Books, 1975), pp. 45—46.

14. A. Levitsky and F. Perls, “The Rules and Games of Gestalt Therapy”, in Gestalt Therapy Now, ed. J. Fagan and Irma Lee Shepherd (Palo Alto: Science and Behavior Books, Inc., 1973), p. 143.

15. Ibid., p. 98.

16. F. Perls, Gestalt Therapy Verbatim (New York: Bantam Books, 1969), p. 80.

17. V. Frankl, The Will to Meaning (Cleveland, O.: New American Library, 1969), pp. 101—7.

18. J. Haley, Uncommon Therapy: The Psychiatric Techniques of Milton Erickson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973); and P. Watzlawick, J. Beavin, and D. Jackson, Pragmatics of Human Communication (New York: W. W. Norton, 1967).

19. Perls and Baumgardner, Legacy from Fritz, p. 117.

20. F. Perls, Gestalt Therapy Verbatim, p. 79.

21. Ibid., pp. 69—70.

22. Perls and Baumgardner, Legacy from Fritz, p. 44.

23. Ibid., p. 44—45.

24. Perls, Gestalt Therapy Verbatim, p. 79.

25. R. Drye, R. Goulding, and M. Goulding, “No Suicide Decision: Patient Monitoring of Suicidal Risk”, American Journal of Psychiatry (1973) 130:171—74.

26. H. Kaiser, Effective Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Hellmuth Kaiser, ed. L. Fierman (New York: Free Press, 1965).

27. Ibid.. p. 135.

28. Ibid., p. 126.

29. Ibid., p. 129.

30. H. Kaiser, “The Problem of Responsibility in Psychotherapy”, Psychiatry (1955) 18:205—11.

31. Kaiser, Effective Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Hellmuth Kaiser, pp. 159ff.

32. Ibid., pp. 172—202.

33. W. Dyer, Your Erroneous Zones (New York: Avon Books, 1977).

34. Ibid., p. 14.

35. W. Dyer, Pulling Your Own Strings (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1978).

36. G. Weinberg, Self-Creation (New York: Avon Books, 1978).

37. Dyer, Your Erroneous Zones, pp. 194—196.

38. Ibid,, pp. 214—215.

39. A. Lazarus and A. Fay, I Can If I Want To (New York: William Morrow, 1975).

40. N. Lande, Mindstyles Lifestyles (Los Angeles: Price, Stern, Sloan, 1976), pp. 135—46.

41. A. Bry, EST—60 Hours That Transform Your Life (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), pp. 49—50.

42. Ibid., p. 53.

43. L. Rhinehart, The Book of EST (New York: Holt, Rinehart &. Winston, 1976), pp. 142—44.

44. Bry, EST, p. 59.

45. Rhinehart, The Book of EST, pp. 144—45.

46. Bry, EST. p. 61.

47. Ibid., pp. 71.

48. Ibid., p. 72—73.

49. Ibid., p. 73.

50. Ibid., p. 72.

51. Ibid., p. 76.

52. Ibid., pp. 72—73.

53. Ibid., p. 128.

54. Ibid., p. 129.

55. S. Fenwick, Getting It: The Psychology of EST (New York: J. P. Lippincott., 1976), p. 181.

56. R. Ryckman and M. Sherman, “Relationship between Self-Esteem and Internal-External Locus of Control”, Psychological Report (1973) 32:1106; and В. Fish and S. Karabenich, “Relationships between Self-Esteem and Locus of Control”, Psychological Reports (1971) 29:784—87.

57. D. Kilpatrick, W. Dubin, and D. Marcotte, “Personality, Stress of the Medical Education Process and Changes in Affect Mood State”, Psychological Reports (1974) 3:1215—23.

58. F. Melgas and A. Weisz, “The Personal Future and Suicidal Ideation”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1971) 153:244—50; and H. Lefcourt, Locus of Control (New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum 1976), p. 148.

59. J. Rotter, “Generalized Expectancies for Internal vs. External Control of Reinforcement”, Psychological Monographs (1966) 80(1, whole #609) 7, 61, 166.

60. J. Easterbrook, The Determinants of Free Will (New York; Academic Press, 1978), p. 26.

61. M. Harrow and A. Ferrante, “Locus of Control in Psychiatric Patients”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1969) 33:582—89; and R. Cromwell, “Description of Parental Behavior in Schizophrenic and Normal Subjects”, Journal of Personality (1961) 29:363—79.

62. J. Shybutt, “Time Perspective, Internal vs. External Control and Severity of Psychological Disturbance”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1968) 24:312—15; and С. Smith, M. Pryor, and M. Distefano, “Internal-External Control and Severity Emotional Impairment”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1971) 27:449—50.

63. С. Fersten, “A Functional Analysis of Depression”, American Psychologist (1973) 28:857—70; P. Lewinsohn, cited in Lefcourt, Locus of Control; W. Miller and M. Seligman, “Depression and the Perception of Reinforcement”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1973) 82:62—73; and L. Abramson and H. Sackeim, “A Paradox in Depression: Uncontrollability and Self-Blame”, Psychological Bulletin (1977) 84:838—52.

64. M. Seligman, Helplessness: On Depression, Development and Death (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1975).

65. M. Seligman and S. Maier, “Failure of Escape Traumatic Shock”, Journal of Experimental Psychology (1967) 74:1—9; and J. Overmier and M. Seligman, “Effects of Inescapable Shock upon Subsequent Escape”, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology (1967) 63:23—33.

66. D. Hiroto, “Locus of Control and Learned Helplessness”, Journal of Experimental Psychology (1974) 102:187—93.

67. D. Hiroto and M. Seligman, “Generality of Learned Helplessness in Man”, Journal of Personality of Social Psychology (1975) 31:311—27.

68. D. Klein and M. Seligman, “Reversal of Performance Deficits and Perceptual Deficits in Learned Helplessness and Depression”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1976) 85:11—26.

69. W. Miller and M. Seligman, “Depression and the Perception of Reinforcement”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1973) 82:62—73.

70. Abramson and Sackeim, “A Paradox”

71. A. Beck, Depression: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects (New York: Harper & Row, 1967).

72. Abramson and Sackeim, “A Paradox”.

73. Lefcourt, Locus of Control, pp. 96—109; and J. Phares, Locus of Control in Personality (Morristown, N.).: General Learning Press, 1976), pp. 144—56.

74. Phares, Locus of Control: and C. Crandall, W. Katkovsky, and V. Crandall, “Children’s Beliefs in Their Own Control of Reinforcement in Intellectual-Academic Situations”, Child Development (1965) 36:91—109.

75. J. Gillis and R. Jessor, “Effects of Brief Psychotherapy on Belief in Internal Control”, Psychotherapy: Research and Practice (1970) 7:135—37.

76. P. Dua, “Comparison of the Effects of Behaviorally Oriented Action and Psychotherapy Reeducation on Intraversion-Extraversion, Emotionality, and Internal vs. External Control”, Journal of Counseling Psychology (1970) 17:567—72.

77. S. Nowick and J. Bernes, “Effects of a Structured Camp Experience on Locus of Control”, Journal of Genetic Psychology (1973) 122:247—52.

78. M. Foulds, “Change in Locus of Internal-External Control,” Comparative Group Studies (1971) 2:293—300; M. Foulds, J. Guinan, and R. Warehine, “Marathon Group: Change in Perceived Locus of Control”, Journal of College Student Personnel (1974) 15:8—11; and M. Dianard and J. Shapiro, “Change in Locus of Control as a Function of Encounter Group Experiences”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1973) 82:514—18.

79. I. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (New York: Basic Books, 1975), pp. 77—98.

80. D. York and C. Eisman, unpublished study.

81. J. Dreyer, University of West Virginia, unpublished study.

82. M. Lieberman, N. Solow, G. Bond, and J. Reibstein, “The Psychotherapeutic Impact of Women’s Consciousness-raising Groups”, Archives of General Psychology (1979) 36:161—68.

83. L. Horowitz, “On the Cognitive Structure of Interpersonal Problems Treated in Psychotherapy”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1979) 47:5—15.

84. G. Helweg, cited in J. Phares, Locus of Control, p. 169.

85. R. Jacobsen, cited in Phares, Locus of Control, p. 169.

86. К. Wilson, cited in Phares, Locus of Control, pp. 169—70.

87. M. Lieberman, I. Yalom, and M. Miles, Encounter Groups: First Facts (New York: Basic Books, 1973).

88. В. Skinner, cited in A. Bandura, Social Learning Theory (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.; Prentice Hall, 1977), p. 203.

89. L. Binswanger, Sigmund Freud: Reminiscences of a Friendship, trans. N. Guterman, (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1957) p. 90.

90. A. Bandura, “Presidential Address”, delivered at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, August 1974.

91. Ibid.; and A. Bandura, “The Self System in Reciprocal Determinism”, American Psychologist (1978) 33(4):344—58.

92. Bandura, “Presidential Address”, p. 633.

93. Epictetus, cited in H. Arendt, Willing—The Life of the Mind, vol. II (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978) p. 29.

94. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, p. 629.

95. S. Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, vol. VI in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1960; originally published 1901), pp. 178—88.

96. O. Simonton, S. Matthews-Simonton, and J. Crieghton, Getting Well Again (Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher, 1978).

97. I. Yalom and С. Greaves, “Group Therapy with the Terminally III”, American Journal of Psychiatry, (1977) 134(4):396—400; and D. Spiegel and I. Yalom, “Cancer Group”, International Journal of Group Psychotherapy (1978) 28(2):233—45.

98. I. Janis, Psychological Stress (New York: John Wiley, 1958).

99. V. Frankl, oral communication, 1972.

100. Yalom and Greaves, “Group Therapy”; and Spiegel and Yalom, “Cancer Group”.

101. S. Freud, “New Introductory Lectures on. Psychoanalysis”, vol. XXII in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1964; originally published 1933), p. 66.

102. M. Buber, “Guilt and Guilt Feelings”, Psychiatry (1957) 20:114—29.

103. M. Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (New York-Harper & Row, 1962), p. 327.

104. Ibid., p. 329.

105. Ibid., p. 330.

106. P. Tillich, The Courage to Be (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1952) p. 52.

107. S. Kierkegaard, The Sickness Unto Death (New York: Doubleday, 1941), pp. 186—87.

108. M. Friedman, introduction to M. Buber, Between Man and Man (New York: Macmillan, 1965), p. xix.

109. O. Rank, Will Therapy and Truth and Reality (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945).

110. R. May, ed., Existential Psychology (New York: Random House, 1969), p. 19.

111. R. May, Art of Counseling (Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press, Apex Books, 1967), p. 70.

112. R. May, E. Angel, and H. Ellenberger, eds., Existence (New York: Basic Books, 1958), p. 52.

113. A. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand, 1962), p. 5.

114. M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), pp. 121—48.

115. G. Murphy, Human Potentialities (New York: Basic Books, 1958).

116. E. Fromm, Man for Himself (New York: Rinehart, 1947).

117. С. Buhler, “Maturation and Motivation”, Dialectica (1951) 5:312—61.

118. G. Allport, Becoming (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1955).

119. С. Rogers, On Becoming a Person (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961).

120. С. Jung, Modern Man in Search of a Soul (New York: Harcourt, 1933).

121. Maslow, Psychology of Being, pp. 19—41.

122. К. Horney, Neurosis and Human Growth (New York: W. W. Norton, 1950).

123. Ibid., p. 17.

124. Maslow, Psychology of Being, pp. 3—4.

125.). S. Mill, cited in Arendt, Willing, p. 9.

126. St. Augustine, cited in Arendt, Willing, p. 98.

127. F. Kafka, Tagebucher 1910—1923 (Germany: S. Fischer Verlag; New York: Schocken, 1948), p. 350.

128. F. Kafka, The Trial (New York: Modern Library, Random House, 1956), pp. 247—78.

129. J. Heuscher, “Inauthenticity, Flight from Freedom, Despair,” American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1976) 36:331—7.

130. Kafka, The Trial, p. 266.

131. Kafka, cited in M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man (New York: Harper & Row, 1965) p. 143.

132. Buber, Knowledge of Man, p. 143.

133. Heuscher, “Inauthenticity”.

134. Ibid.

135. S. Kierkegaard, cited in R. May, The Meaning of Anxiety, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977) p. 40.

1. A. Wheelis, “The Place of Action in Personality Change,” Psychiatry (1950) 13:135—48.

2. A. Wheelis, “Will and Psychoanalysis,” Journal of Psychoanalytic Association (1956) 4:285—303.

4. Б. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, vol. I (New York: Basic Books, 1953), p. 41.

5. S. Freud, cited in R. May, Love and Will (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), p. 183.

6. May, Love and Will, p. 183.

7, S. Freud, The Ego and the Id. vol. XIX in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1961, originally published in 1923), p. 50.

8. May, Love and Will, p. 198.

9. Т. Hobbes, cited in H. Arendt, Willing, vol. II in The Life of Mind (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), p. 23.

10. В. Spinoza, The Chief Works, ed. R. H. Elwes, vol. II (New York: Dover, 1951), p. 390.

11. May, Love and Will, pp. 197—98.

12. Aristotle, cited in Arendt, Willing, pp. 15—18.

13. Arendt, Willing, p. 32.

14. I. Kant, cited in Arendt, Willing, p. 6.

15. L. Farber, The Ways of the Will (New York: Basic Books, 1966), p. 27.

16. Wheelis, “Will and Psychoanalysis”.

17. S. Arieti, The Will to Be Human (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972), p. 2.

18. Wheelis, “Will and Psychoanalysis”.

19. Arendt, Willing, p. 15.

20. A. Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation (Indian Hills, Col.: Falcon’s Wing Press, 1958).

21. F. Nietzsche, cited in Arendt, Willing, p. 161.

22. Aristotle, cited in Arendt, Willing, p. 16.

23. Arendt, Willing, p. 13; and May, Love and Will, p. 243.

24. W. James, Psychology (Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1963), pp. 376—80.

25. E. Becker, Denial of Death (New York: Free Press, 1973).

26. O. Rank, Will Therapy and Truth and Reality trans. J. Taft, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945).

27. Ibid., p. 111.

28. Ibid., p. 24.

29. Ibid., p. 28.

30. O. Rank, “The Training of the Will and Emotional Development,” Journal of Otto Rank Associates, (December 1967) 3:51—74.

31. Ibid., p. 68.

32. Ibid., p. 68.

33. Ibid., p. 69.

34. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 230.

35. Ibid., p. 7.

36. Ibid., p. 9.

37. Ibid., p. 12.

38. Ibid., p. 8.

39. Ibid., p. 11.

40. S. Tomkins, cited in R. May, Love and Will (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), p. 194.

41. Wheelis, “Will and Psychoanalysis”.

42. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 16.

43. Ibid, p. 56.

44. L. Farber, The Ways of the Will (New York: Basic Books, 1966).

45. Ibid., p. 8.

46. Ibid., p. 15.

47. May, Love and Will, p. 197.

48. Ibid., p. 211.

49. Ibid., p. 243.

50. Ibid., p. 211.

51. S. Freud, Interpretation of Dreams, vol. V in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1953; originally published in 1900), pp. 565—70.

52. Ibid., pp. 550—572.

53. May, Love and Will, p. 210.

54. Ibid., p. 211.

55. Ibid., p. 218.

56. Ibid.

57. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 12.

58. H. Arendt, Willing. p. 158.

59. E. Keen, cited in May, Love and Will, p. 268.

60. May, Love and Will, p. 165.

61. J. Nemiah, “Alexithymia and Psychosomatic Illness”, Journal of Continuing Education and Psychiatry (October 1978) pp. 25—38.

62. S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1955; originally published, 1895).

63. I. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (New York: Basic Books, 1975), pp. 77—79.

64. S. Rose, “Intense Feeling Therapy”, in Emotional Flooding, ed. P. Olsen (New York: Penguin Books, 1977), pp. 80—96.

65. Т. Stampfl and D. Lewis, “Essentials of Implosive Therapy”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1967) 6:496—503.

66. A. Lowen, Bioenergetics (N.Y.: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1975).

67. P. Olsen, Emotional Flooding, p. 77.

68. A. Janov, The Primal Scream (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1970).

69. J. P. Sartre, The Age of Reason (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), p. 144.

70. I. Yalom, Bloch, et al, “The Impact of a Weekend Group Experience on Individual Therapy”, Archives of General Psychiatry (1977) 34:399—415.

71. D. Hamburg, oral communication, 1968.

72. F. Alexander and T. French, Psychoanalytic Theory: Principles and Applications (New York: Ronald Press, 1946).

73. F. Perls, The Gestalt Approach and Eye-Witness to Therapy (Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behavior Books, 1973), p. 63.

74. Ibid., pp. 63—64.

75. Ibid., p. 68.

76. Ibid., pp. 73—74.

77. Ibid., p. 78.

78. F. Perls, Gestalt Therapy Verbatim (Toronto, New York and London: Bantam Books, 1971), p. 1.

79. E. Polster and M. Polster, Gestalt Therapy Integrated (New York: Brunner Mazel, 1973), p. 229.

80. May, Love and Will, p. 216.

81. J. Bugental, “Intentionality and Ambivalence”, in William James: Unfinished Business, ed. R. MacLeod (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1969), pp. 93—98.

82. Ibid.

83. M. Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 158.

84. A. Camus, The Fall and Exile in the Kingdom (New York: Modern Library, 1965), p. 63.

85. S. Beckett, En Attendant Godot (Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1952); my translation.

86. W. James, Principles of Psychology (Greenwich, Conn.: Faweett, 1963), chap. 26, pp. 365—401.

87. R. Goulding, “New Directions in Transactional Analysis: Creating an Environment for Redecision and Change”, in Progress in Group and Family Therapy, eds. C. Sager and H. Kaplan (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1972), pp. 105—34.

88. J. Dusay and C. Steiner, “Transactional Analysis in Groups”, in Comprehensive Group Therapy, eds. H. Kaplan and B. Sadock (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1971), pp. 198—240.

89. Goulding, “New Directions”, pp. 110—112.

90. E. Erikson, Childhood and Society, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963).

91. J. Gardner, Grendel (New York: Ballantine Books, 1971), p. 115.

92. F. Estees, oral communication, 197'/.

93. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 310.

94. Wheelis, “Will and Psychoanalysis.”

95. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. I, p. 428.

96. E. Menaker, “Will and the Problem of Masochism”, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy (1969), 1:186—226.

97. B. Jones and H. Gerard, Foundations of Social Psychology (New York: John Wiley, 1967), pp. 186—226.

98. L. Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson, 1957).

99. Jones and Gerard, Social Psychology, pp. 193—94.

100. L. Rhinehart. The Dice Man (New York: William Morrow, 1971).

101. J. Bugental, “Someone Needs to Worry: The Existential Anxiety of Responsibility and Decision”, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy (1967) 2:41—53.

102. R. White, “Motivation Reconsidered,” The Psychological Review (1959) 66:297—333.

103. К. Horney, Neurosis and Human Growth (New York: W. W. Norton, 1950).

104. Ibid., p. 17.

105. H. Greenwald, Decision Therapy (New York: Peter Wyden, 1973), p. 154.

106. Farber, Ways of the Will, p. 450.

107. Greenwald, Decision Therapy, p. 22.

108. Ibid., p. 38.

109. May, Love and Will, pp. 236—37.

110. J. Frank, “Emotional Reaction of American Soldiers to an Unfamiliar Disease”, Archives of General Psychiatry (1967) 17:416—427.

111. M. Leiberman, I. Yalom, and M. Miles, Encounter Groups: First Facts (New York: Basic Books, 1973), pp. 365—67.

112. R. Nisbett and T. Wilson, “Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Process”, Psychological Reviews (1977) 84:231—58.

113. I. Yalom, Group Psychotherapy. pp. 440—45.

114. S. Freud, “Constructions in Analysis”, vol. XXIII in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1964; originally published in 1937), p. 259.

115. Ibid., 266.

116. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 44.

117. M. Gatch and M. Temerlin, “Belief in Psychic Determinism and the Behavior of the Psychotherapist”, Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, (1965) 5:16—35.

118. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 36.

119. E. Goffman, “The Moral Career of the Mental Patient”, Psychiatry (1959) 22:123—42.

120. С. Rycroft, Psychoanalysis Observed (London: Constable, 1966), p. 18.

1. M. Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 57.

2. S. Freud, “Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety”, vol. XX in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1959; originally published in 1929), pp. 119—23.

3. P. Mullahy, Psychoanalysis and Interpersonal Psychiatry: The Contribution of Harry Stack Sullivan (New York: Science House, 1970), p. 137.

4. С. Rogers, “The Loneliness of Contemporary Man as Seen in the Case of Ellen West”, in Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry (1961) 1:94—101.

5. I. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy, 2nd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1975), p. 80.

6. Rogers, “Loneliness of Contemporary Man”; F. Fromm-Reichman, “Loneliness”, Psychiatry (1959) 22:1—16; H. Leiderman, “Intervention”, Psychiatry Clinics [1969) 6:155—74; E. Josephson and M. Josephson, Man Alone (New York: Dell Books, 1962); J. Rubins, “On the Psychopathology of Loneliness”, American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1964) 24:153—65; D. Reisman, R. Denny, and N. Glaser, The Lonely Crowd (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1950); G. Moustakas, Loneliness (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1961); M. Wood, Paths of Loneliness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1953); A. Wenkert, “Regaining Identity through Relatedness”, American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1961) 22:227—33; and W. Willig, “Discussion of A. Wenker paper”, American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1961) 22:236—39.

7. Т. Wolfe, Look Homeward, Angel (New York: Charles Scribner, 1929), p. 31.

8. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 284.

9. M. Abrams et al., eds., Everyman, in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, vol. I (New York: W. W. Norton, 1962), pp. 281—303.

10. E. Fromm, The Art of Loving, (New York: Bantam Books, 1956), p. 7.

11. A. Camus, “La Mort dans l’ame”, in L’Envers et l’endroit (Paris: Librairie Gallimard, 1937), pp. 87—88; passage translated by Marilyn Yalom.

12. R, Frost, “Desert Places,” in Complete Poems of Robert Frost (New York: Henry Holt, 1949), p. 386.

13. К. Reinhardt, The Existential Revolt (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1952), p. 235.

14. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 233.

15. Ibid., p. 393.

16. H. Drefuss, “Commentary on Being and Time”, unpublished manuscript, 1977.

17. F. Nietzsche, cited in M. Heidegger, An Introduction to Metaphysics (New York: Anchor Books, 1961), p. 29.

18. L. Fierman, ed., Effective Psychotherapy: The Contributions of Helmuth Kaiser (New York: Free Press, 1965), p. 126.

19. E. Fromm, Escape From Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1941), p. 29.

20. O. Rank, Will Therapy and Truth and Reality, trans. J. Taft (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945), p. 123.

21. J. Bugental, The Search for Authenticity (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1965), p. 309.

22. M. Buber, Between Man and Man (New York: Macmillan, 1965), p. II.

23. Ibid., p. 175.

24. M. Buber, I and Thou (New York: Charles Scribner, 1970), p. 69.

25. Ibid., pp. 76—79.

26. Buber, Between Man and Man, p. xx.

27. Buber, I and Thou. p. 54.

28. Ibid., p. 58.

29. Ibid., p. 62.

30. Buber, Between Man and Man, p. 22—23.

31. Ibid., p. 19.

32. Ibid., p. 23.

33. V. Frankl, “Encounter: The Concept and Its Vulgarization”, Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis (1973) 1:73—83.

34. Buber, Between Man and Man, p. 19.

35. Ibid., pp. 13—14.

36. Buber, I and Thou, pp. 84—85.

37. Hillel, cited in Buber, I and Thou, p. 85 n.

38. M. Buber, Between Man and Man, pp. 1—2.

39. A. Maslow, Toward A Psychology of Being (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1968), pp. 21—22.

40. Ibid., p. 35.

41. Ibid., p. 36.

42. Ibid., pp. 42—43.

43. E. Fromm, Art of Loving (New York: Bantam Books, 1963).

44. Ibid., p. 7.

45. Ibid.. p. 15.

46. Ibid., p. 17.

47. Ibid., p. 34.

48. Ibid., p. 18.

49. E. Fromm, Man for Himself (New York: Faweett World Library, 1969), pp. 68—122.

50. Fromm, Art of Loving, pp. 21—22.

51. Buber, I and Thou, p. 67.

52. Fromm, Art of Loving, p. 61.

53. Ibid., p. 39.

54. S. Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling/The Sickness unto Death, trans. W. Lowrie (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Anchor, Г954), p. 177.

55. L. Carroll, cited in J. Solomon, “Alice and the Red King”, International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1963) 44:64—73.

56. I. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Therapy (New York: Basic Books, 1975), pp. 440—45.

57. S. Arieti, “Psychotherapy of Severe Depression”, American Journal of Psychiatry (1977) 134:864—68.

58. L. Fierman, ed., Effective Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Helmuth Kaiser, op. cit, p. 131.

59. Ibid., p. 110.

60. К. Bach, Exit-Existentialism (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1973), p. 28.

61. S. Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling I The Sickness unto Death, p. 175.

62. Fierman, Effective Psychotherapy, p. 120.

63. Fromm, Escape from Freedom, p. 158.

64. S. Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, vol. VI in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1960; originally published 1901), p. 158.

65. E. Greenspan, “Fantasies of Women Confronting Death”, Journal of Consulting Psychology (1975) 29:252—60.

66. V. Soloviev, cited in E. Becker, Angel in Armor (New York: George Braziller, 1969), p. 5.

67. S. Kierkegaard, Either/Or, vol. 1., trans. D. Swanson and L. Swanson (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1944), pp. 297—443.

68. Buber, Between Man and Man, pp. 29—30.

69. M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man (New York: Harper Torchbook, 1965), p. 77.

70. A. Camus, A Happy Death (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), pp. 81—82.

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1. В. Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell (London: Alien & Unwin, 1975), p. 209.

2. Ibid., p. 146.

3. I. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (New York: Basic Books, 1975), pp. 78—83.

4. A. Whitehead, Religion in the Making (London: Cambridge University Press, 1962), p. 16.

5. E. Fromm, The Art Of Loving (New York: Bantam Books, 1963), p. 94.

6. Moustakas, Loneliness (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1961), p. 47.

7. A. Camus, cited in M. Charlesworth, The Existentialists and Jean-Paul Sartre (Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1975), p. 5.

8. R. Hobson, “Loneliness”, Journal of Analytic Psychology (1974) 19:71—89.

9. R. Bollendorf, unpublished doctoral dissertation. Northern Illinois University, 1976.

10. O. Will, oral communication, child psychiatry grand rounds, Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry, 1978.

11. L. Sherby, “The Use of Isolation in Ongoing Psychotherapy”, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, (1975) 12:173—74.

12. I. Yalom, et al., “The Impact of a Weekend Group Experience on Individual Therapy”, Archives of General Psychiatry (1977) 34:399—415.

13. С. Truax and К. Mitchell, “Research on Certain Therapist Interpersonal Skills in Relation to Process and Outcome”, in Handbook of Psychotherapy, A. Bergin and S. Gar-field, eds. (New York: John Wiley, 1971), pp. 299—344; С. Rogers, “Empathic: An Unappreciated Way of Being”, Counseling Psychologist (1975) 5(2):2—10; C. Truax and R. Carkhuff. Toward Effective Counseling and Psychotherapy: Training and Practice (Chicago: Aldine, 1967); G. Barrett-Lennard, “Dimensions of Therapist Response as Causal Factors in Therapeuric Change”, Psychological Monographs 76, no. 43 (whole no. 562), 1962; E. Fieder, “A Comparison of Therapeutic Relationships in Psychoanalytic, Non-Directive and Adierian Therapy”, Journal of Consulting Psychology (1950) 14:436—45; A. Bergin and L. Jasper, “Correlates of Empathy in Psychotherapy: A Replication”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1969) 74:477—81; and A. Bergin and S. Solomon “Personality and Performance Correlates of Empathic Understanding in Psychotherapy”, in J. Hart and T. Tomlinson, eds., New Directions in Client-Centered Therapy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), pp. 223—36.

14. S. Standal and R. Corsini, eds., Critical Incidents in Psychotherapy (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1959).

15. Ibid., p. 3.

16. Ibid., p. 41.

17. Ibid., p. 67.

18. Ibid., p. 90.

19. Ibid., p. 158.

20. Ibid., p. 178.

21. S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1964, originally published in 1895).

22. M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man, trans. M. Friedman and R. Smith (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), p. 81.

23. Ibid., p. 82.

24. I. Yalom and G. Elkin, Every Day Gets a Little Closer: A Twice-Told Therapy (New York: Basic Books, 1974).

25. H. Kaiser, Effective Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Hellmuth Kaiser, ed. L. Fierman (New York: Free Press, 1965), p. 152.

26. К. Fisher, “Ultimate Goals in. Therapy”, Journal of Existentialism: The International Quarterly of Existential Thought (1967) 7:215—32.

27. M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), pp. 171—72.

28. С. Sequin, Love and Psychotherapy (New York: Libra, 1965), p. 113.

29. Ibid., p. 121.

30. M. Buber, Knowledge of Man. p. 82.

31. M. Buber, I and Thou. p. 179.

32. Sequin, Love and Psychotherapy p. 123.

33. M. Heidegger, Being and Time, (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 158.

34. Buber, Knowledge of Man, pp. 166—84.

35. D. Rosenhan, “On Being Sane in Insane Places”, Science (1973) 179:250—58.

36. S. Freud, Observations on Transference-Love, vol. XII in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1958; originally published in 1915), p. 169.

37. Ibid., p. 165.

38. S. Ferenezi, cited in S. Foulkes, “A Memorandum on Group Therapy”, British Military Memorandum, ADM, July 1945.

39. R. Greenson and M. Wexler, “The Non-Transference Relationship in the Psychoanalytic Situation”, International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1969) 50:27—39.

40. A. Freud, “The Widening Scope of Indications for Psychoanalysis”, discussion, Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association (1954) 2:607—20.

41. Greenson and Wexler, “Non-Transference Relationship”.

42. Ibid.

43. M. Buber, I and Thou, pp. 84—85.

1. Anonymous, cited in H. Cantril and C. Bumstead, Reflections on the Human Venture (New York: New York University Press, 1960), p. 308.

2. L. Tolstoy, My Confession, My Religion, The Gospel in Brief (New York: Charles Scribner, 1929), p. 12.

3. Ibid., p. 13.

4. Ibid., p. 14.

5. Ibid.

7. A. Camus, cited in A. Jaffe. The Myth of Meaning in the Work of C. J. Jung (London: Hodden &: Stoughton, 1970), title page.

8. С. Jung, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 130.

9. С. Jung, Collected Works: The Practice of Psychotherapy, vol. XVI (New York: Pantheon, Bollingen Series, 1966), p. 83.

10. V. Frankl, “The Feeling of Meaninglessness: A Challenge to Psychotherapy”, American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1972) 32:85—89; V. Frankl, The Will to Meaning (New York: World, 1969), p. 90; and V. Frankl, The Doctor and the Soul (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), p. xi.

11. S. Maddi, “The Search for Meaning”, in The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation—1970, ed. W. Arnold and M. Page (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970), pp. 137—86.

12. S. Maddi, “The Existential Neurosis”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1967) 72:311—25.

13. В. Wolman, “Principles of International Psychotherapy” in Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice (1975) 12:149—59.

14. N. Hobbs, “Sources of Gain in Psychotherapy”, American Psychologist (1962) 17:742—48.

15. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. IV, ed. P. Edwards, et al. (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1967), pp. 467—78.

16. В. Pascal, cited in V. Frankl, The Doctor and the Soul, 2nd ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), p. 31.

17. V. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963), pp. 186—87.

18. M. Maimonides, The Guide of the Perplexed, vol. II (Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press, 1963), pp. 634—36.

19. C. Jung, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 130.

20. С. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (New York: Pantheon Books, 1961), pp. 255—56.

21. G. Hegel, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 145.

22. R. Rilke, Ausgewahlte Werke, vol. I (Leipzig: Iminsel-Verlag, 1930), p. 28; translation by Marilyn Yalom.

23. Т. Mann, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 140.

24. Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man (New York: Harper, 1959).

25. С. Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and Scientific Revolution (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980).

26. A. Pope, The Selected Poetry of Pope, ed. M. Price (New York: New American Library, 1978), p. 133.

27. Т. Dobzhansky, The Biology of Ultimate Concern (New York: New American Library, 1967), p. 132.

28. P. Teilhard de Chardin, cited in Dobzhansky, Biology of Ultimate Concern, p. 137.

29. A. Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).

30. A. Camus, A Happy Death (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972).

31. A. Camus, The Stranger (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946).

32. A. Camus, Myth of Sisyphus, p. 90.

33. A. Camus, The Plague (New York: Modern Library, 1948).

34. J. P. Sartre, cited in R. Hepburn, “Questions about the Meaning of Life”, Religious Studies (1965) 1:125—40.

35. J. P. Sartre, No Exit and Three Other Plays (New York: Vintage Books, 1955).

36. Ibid., p. 91.

37. Ibid., p. 92.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid., p. 94.

40. Ibid., p. 94.

41. Ibid., p. 105.

42. Ibid., p. 108.

43. Ibid., p. 121—122.

44. Ibid., p. 123.

45. Ibid., p. 124.

46. G. Allport, cited in V. Franki, Will to Meaning, p. 66.

47. С. Jung, cited in Jaffe, Myth of Meaning, p. 146.

48. К. Jaspers, cited in Frankl, Will to Meaning, p. 38.

49. W. Durant, On the Meaning of Life (New York: Ray Long and Richard R. Smith, 1932), pp. 128—29.

50. Ibid., p. 129.

51. I. Taylor, cited in S. Maddi, “The Strenuousness of the Creative Life”, in I. A. Taylor and J. W. Getzels, eds.. Perspectives in Creativity (Chicago: Aldine, 1975), pp. 173—90.

52. L. Beethoven, cited in M. Von Andics, Suicide and the Meaning of Life (London: William Hodge, 1947), p. 178.

53. A. Roe, “Changes in Scientific Activities with Age”, Science (1965) 150:313—18.

54. M. Crosby, oral communication, 1979.

55. P. Koestenbaum, Is There an Answer to Death? (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1976), pp. 37—38.

56. J. Brennecke and R. Amick, The Struggle for Significance, 2nd ed. (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Clencoe Press, 1975), pp. 9—10.

57. A. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being (N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1962), p. 147.

58. M. Buber, “The Way of Man According to the Teachings of Hasidism”, in Religion from Tolstoy to Camus, ed. W. Kaufman (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1961), pp. 425—41.

59. Ibid., p. 437.

60. E. Erikson, Childhood and Society, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963), pp. 247—74.

61. G. Vaillant, Adaptation to Life (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977); R. Gould, “The Phases of Adult Life: A Study in Developmental Psychology”, American Journal of Psychiatry (1972) 129:521—31; and D. Levinson, The Seasons of A Man’s Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978).

62. Erikson, Childhood, p. 267.

63. G. Vaillant, Adaptation, p. 228.

64. Ibid., p. 232.

65. Ibid., p. 343.

66. N. Haan and J. Block, cited in G. Vaillant, op. cit., p. 330.

67. V. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy (New York: Pocket Books, 1963).

68. V. Frankl, oral communication, 1971.

69. V. Frankl, Will to Meaning, p. 21.

70. V. Frankl, “Self-transcendence as a Human Phenomenon”, Journal of Humanistic Psychology (1966) 6:97—107.

71. С. Buhler, “The Human Course of Life in Its Goal Aspects”, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, (1964) 4:1—17.

72. G. Allport, Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1955).

73. V. Frankl, Man’s Search, p. 166.

74. V. Frankl, “Self-transcendence”.

75. W. Frankena, Ethics (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1973) p. 86.

76. A. Watts, The Meaning of Happiness (New York: Perennial Library, Harper & Row, 1940), p. vi.

77. V. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning, p. 154.

78. A. Ungersma, The Search for Meaning (Philadelphia, Pa.: Westminister Press, 1961), pp. 27f.

79. V. Frankl, “Self-transcendence”.

80. V. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning, p. 155.

81. Ibid., p. 154.

82. V. Frankl, Will to Meaning, p. 70.

83. V. Frankl, cited in J. Fabry, The Pursuit of Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), p. 40.

84. Ibid., p. 44.

85. V. Frankl, Will to Meaning, p. 21.

86. S. Bloch et al., “Outcome in Psychotherapy Evaluated by Independent Judges”, British Journal of Psychiatry (1977) 131:410—14; and G. Bond, et al., “The Evaluation of the Target Problem’ Approach to Outcome Measures” Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice (1979) 16(1): 48—54.

87. J. Gardner, doctoral dissertation. University of Chicago, 1977.

88. S. Freud, cited in Edwards, “Meaning and Value”, p. 477.

89. V. Frankl, Will to Meaning, p. 84.

90. J. Crumbaugh. “Frankl’s Logotherapy: A New Orientation in Counseling”, Journal of Religion and Health (1971) 10:373—86.

91. Ing. Alois Habinger, cited in V. Frankl, “The Feeling of Meaninglessness: A Challenge to Psychotherapy”, American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1972) 32:85—89.

92. Maddi, “Search for Meaning”; Maddi, “Existential Neurosis”; and S. Kobasa and S. Maddi, “Existential Personality Theory,” in Current Personality Theory, ed. R. Corsini (Itasca, III.: Peacock Books, 1979).

93. S. Maddi, oral communications, 1979.

94. S. Maddi, S. Kobasa, and M. Hoover, “The Alienation Test”, Journal of Humanistic Psychology (1979) 19(4): 73—76.

95. Maddi, “Search for Meaning.”

96. J. Pike, Beyond Anxiety (New York: Charles Scribner, 1953).

97. J. Crumbaugh and L. Maholick, “An Experimental Study in Existentialism: The Approach to Frankl’s Concept of Noogenic Neurosis”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1964) 20:200—207.

98. J. Braun and G. Dolmino, “The Purpose in Life Test,” in The Seventh Mental Measurements Yearbook, ed. О. К. Buros (Highland Park, N.J.: Gryphon Press, 1978), p. 656.

99. Ibid.

100. Ibid.

101. J. Battista and R. Almond, “The Development of Meaning in Life”, Psychiatry (1973) 36:409—27.

102. С. Garfield, “A Psychometric and Clinical Investigation of Frankl’s Concept of Existential Vacuum and of Anomie”, Psychiatry (1973) 36:396—408.

103. Braun and Domino, “Purpose in Life Test”.

104. Ibid.

105. J. Crumbaugh, “Cross-Validation of Purpose in Life Test”, Journal of Individual Psychology, (1968) 24:74—81.

106. M. Familetti, “A Comparison of the Meaning and Purpose in Life of Delinquent and Non-delinquent High School Boys”, United States International University, Dissertation Abstracts International Sept. 1975 vol. 36(3-A), 1825.

107. В. Padelford, “Relationship between Drug Involvement and Purpose in Life”, San Diego State University, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1974) 30(3):303—5.

108. Crumbaugh, “Cross-Validation”.

109. Ibid.

110. Crumbaugh, “Frankl’s Logotherapy”.

111. R. Jacobson, D. Ritter, and L. Mueller, “Purpose in Life and Personal Values among Adult Alcoholics”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1977) 33(1)314—16.

112. В. Sheffield and P. Pearson, “Purpose in Life in a Sample of British Psychiatric Outpatients”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1974) 30(4)459.

113. D. Sallee and J. Casciani, “Relationship between Sex Drive and Sexual Frustration and Purpose in Life”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1967) 32(2) 273—75.

114. J. Thomas and E. Weiner, “Psychological Differences among Groups of Critically Ill Hospitalized Patients, Noncritically III Hospitalized Patients and Well Controls”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1974) 42(2) 274—79.

115. J. Crandall and R. Rasmussen, “Purpose in Life as Related to Specific Values”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1975) 31(3) 483—85.

116. Ibid.; and D. Soderstrom and E. Wright, “Religious Orientation and Meaning in Life”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1977) 33(1) 65—68.

117. J. McCarthy, “Death Anxiety, Intrinsicness of Religion and Purpose in Life among Nuns and Roman Catholic Female Undergraduates”, Dissertation Abstracts International (1975) vol. 35(11-B) 5646.

118. P. Pearson and B. Sheffield, “Purpose in Life and Social Attitudes in Psychiatric Patients”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1975) 31(2) 330—32.

119. J. Crumbaugh, Sister Mary Raphael, and R. Shrader, “Frankl’s Will to Meaning in a Religious Order”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1970) 21(2) 206—7. 120. McCarthy, op. cit.; and J. Blazer, “The Relationship between Meaning in Life and Fear of Death”, Psychology (1973) 10(2) 33—34.

121. L. Doerries, “Purpose in Life and Social Participation”, Journal of Individual Psychology, (1970) 26(l):50—53; and R. Matteson, “Purpose in Life as Related to Involvement in Organized Groups and Certain Sociocultural Variables”, Dissertation Abstracts International (1975) vol. 35(8-BO) 4147—48.

122. Matteson, “Purpose in Life”.

123. A. Butler and L. Carr, “Purpose in Life through Social Action”, Journal of Social Psychology (1968) 74(2) 243—50.

124. D. Sharpe and L. Viney, “Weltanschauung and the Purpose in Life Test”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1973) 29(4) 489—91.

125. Matteson, “Purpose in Life”.

126. G. Sargent, “Motivation and Meaning: Frankl’s Logotherapy in the Work Situation”, Dissertation Abstracts international (1973) vol. 34(4-B), 1785.

127. Garfield, “Psychometric and Clinical Investigation”.

128. Padelford, “Drug Involvement and Purpose in Life”.

129. Crumbaugh, “Cross-Validation”.

130. Sheffield and Pearson, “Purpose in Life and Social Attitudes”.

131. Battista and Almond, “Development of Meaning”.

132. M. Carney and B. Sheffield, “The Effects of Pulse ЕСТ in Neurotic and Endogenous Depression”, British Journal of Psychiatry (1974) 125:91—94.

1. V. Frankl, “What Is Meant by Meaning”, Journal of Existentialism (1966) 7:21—28.

2. Ibid.

3. С. Kluckholm, “Values and Value-Orientation in the Theory of Action”, in Toward A General Theory of Action, ed. T. Parsons and E. Shils (Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard University Press, 1951), p. 396.

4. Ibid., pp. 388—434.

5. L. Tolstoy, My Confession, My Religion, The Gospel in Brief (New York: Charles Scribner, 1929), p. 20.

6. Ibid., p. 185.

7. В. Russell, A Free Man’s Worship (Portland, Me.; T. B. Mosher, 1927).

8. E. Becker, Escape from Evil (New York; Free Press, 1975), p. 3.

9. V. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy (New York: Pocket Books, 1963), p. 192.

10. D. Нume, cited in A. Flew, “Tolstoi and the Meaning of Life”, Ethics (1963) 73:110—18.

11. В. Wolman, “Principles of Interactional Psychotherapy”, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice (1975) 12:149—59.

12. V. Frankl, Man’s Search, p. 176.

13. E. Fromm, Escape From Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1941), p. 13.

14. D. Suzuki, “East and West”, in E. Fromm, D. Suzuki, and R. DeMartino, Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis (New York: Harper & Row, 1960), pp. 1—10.

15. Matthew 6:26 (King James’ Version).

16. Luke 12:27 (King James’ Version).

17. J. Brennecke and R. Amick, The Struggle for Significance (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Glenсое Press, 1975), p. 143.

18. W. B. Yeats, cited in R. Hepburn, “Questions about the Meaning of Life”, Religious Studies (1965) 1:125—40.

19. Hepburn, “Questions”.

20. B. Rajneesh, cited in B. Gunther, Dying for Enlightenment (New York: Harper &: Row, 1979).

21. V. Frankl, “Fragments from the Logotherapeutic Treatment of Four Cases”, in Modern Psychotherapeutic Practice, ed. A. Burton (Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behavior Books, 1965), pp. 365—67.

22. Personal communication, 1970.

23. V. Frankl, Man’s Search, pp. 143—44.

24. Ibid., pp. 368—70.

25. Т. Zuehlke and J. Watkins, “The Use of Logotherapy with Dying Patients: An Exploratory Study”, Journal of Clinical Psychology (1975) 31:729—32.

26. С. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (New York: Pantheon Books, 1961), pp. 139—40.

27. P. Koestenbaum, Is There an Answer to Death (Englewood Cliffs, N. ].: Prentice-Hall, 1976), p. 81.

28. A. Ungersma, The Search for Meaning (Philadelphia: Westminister Press, 1961), p. 27f.; J. Fabry, The Pursuit of Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969); and J. Crumbaugh, Everything to Gain (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1973).

29. V. Frankl, The Doctor and the Soul (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), pp. 221—53.

30. M. Erickson, “The Use of Symptoms as an Integral Part of Hypnotherapy”, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis (1965) 8:57—65; J. Haley, Uncommon Therapy: The Psychiatric Techniques of Milton Erickson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973); and P. Watzlawick, J. Beavin, and D. Jackson. Pragmatics of Human Communication (New York: W. W. Norton, 1967).

31. J. Crumbaugh, “Frankl’s Logotherapy: A New Orientation in Counseling”, Journal of Religion and Health (1970) 10:373—86.

32. D. Follesdal, oral communication, 1979.

33. Т. Nagel, Mortal Questions (London: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 21.

34. К. Bach, Exit-Existentialism: A Philosophy of Self-Awareness (Belmont, Calif.: Wads-worth, 1973), p. 6.

35. A. Schopenhauer, cited in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. IV, ed. P. Edwards, et al. (New York: Macmillan, 1967), p. 468.

36. Nagel, Mortal Questions, p. 22.

37. Bach, Exit-Existentialism, p. 7.

38. Hume, cited in Nagel, Mortal Questions, p. 20.

39. Tolstoy, My Confession, p. 16.

40. L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, trans. D. Pears and B. McGuinness (London and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961), p. 73.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Специи жизни и смерти в психотерапии. Предисловие Л.М. Кроля 5

1. Введение 7

Экзистенциальная терапия: динамическая психотерапия 9

Экзистенциальная ориентация: нечто чужое, но странно

знакомое 16

Экзистенциальная психотерапия: поле отношений 19

Экзистенциальная терапия и академическое сообщество 27

2. Жизнь, смерть и тревога 35

Взаимозависимость жизни и смерти 35

Смерть и тревога 48

Невнимание к смерти в теории и практике психотерапии 63

Фрейд: тревога без смерти 69

3. Представление о смерти у детей 87

Всепроникающий характер озабоченности смертью

у детей 88

Концепция смерти: стадии развития 90

Тревога смерти и возникновение психопатологии 117

Просвещение детей на тему смерти 122

4. Смерть и психопатология 125

Тревога смерти: парадигма психопатологии 127

Исключительность 132

Конечный спаситель 145

К целостному представлению о психопатологии 159

Шизофрения и страх смерти 166

Экзистенциальная парадигма психопатологии: данные

исследований 172

5. Смерть и психотерапия 180

Смерть как пограничная ситуация 180

Сознавание смерти в повседневной психотерапии 186

Смерть как первичный источник тревоги 211

Проблемы психотерапии 230

Удовлетворение жизнью и тревога смерти:

в чем опора для терапевта? 234

Десенсибилизация к смерти 238

Часть II. СВОБОДА 242

6. Ответственность 245

Ответственность как экзистенциальная проблема 245

Избегание ответственности: клинические проявления 250

Принятие ответственности и психотерапия 259

Ответственность по-американски, или как взяться за свою

жизнь, самому собой управлять, позаботиться о собственной

персоне и преуспеть в управлении собой 285

Ответственность и психотерапия: данные исследований 295

Ограничения ответственности 303

Ответственность и экзистенциальная вина 312

7. Воля 324

Ответственность, воля и действие 324

К клиническому пониманию воли: Ранк, Фарбер, Мэй 332

Воля и клиническая практика 341

Желание 343

Решение — выбор 356

Прошлое против будущего в психотерапии 391

8. Экзистенциальная изоляция 398

Что такое экзистенциальная изоляция? 400

Изоляция и отношения 409

Экзистенциальная изоляция и психопатология

межличностных отношений 422

9. Экзистенциальная изоляция и психотерапия 443

Ориентир в понимании межличностных отношений 443

Конфронтирование пациента с изоляцией 448

Встреча пациент-терапевт и изоляция 452

10. Кризис бессмысленности 469

Проблема смысла 472

Смысл жизни 473

Потеря смысла: значение в терапии 500

Клиническое исследование 509

11. Бессмысленность и психотерапия 517

Почему мы нуждаемся в смысле? 518

Психотерапевтические стратегии 527

Эпилог 542