Bilirubin Ashagwu E. Odey, group 26. Scientific adviser is Kozub Svetlana

Bilirubin

Ashagwu E. Odey, group 26. Scientific adviser is Kozub Svetlana.

Bilirubin is the orange-yellow pigment of bile, formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells after termination of their normal lifespan. Water-insoluble unconjugated bilirubin normally travels in the bloodstream to the liver, where it is converted to a water-soluble conjugated form and excreted into the bile. In a healthy person, about 250 mg of bilirubin is produced daily. The majority of bilirubin is excreted in the stool. Normal levels of total bilirubin are 0.1 to 1 mg/dl or 5.1 to 17 μmol/L.

POLYMERS OF BILIRUBIN

Polymer of bilirubin

Jaundice

Jaundice (also called icterus) is when the skin and the whites of the eyes become a yellow color. People with jaundice have a problem with their liver, which stops it from removing dead red blood cells properly. These blood cells contain a chemical called bilirubin. Bilirubin causes the yellow coloring of the skin. Jaundice is common in newly born babies. It usually starts the second day after birth.

Jaundice can also be caused by other diseases, like malaria, hepatitis, or gallstones.

Jaundice is the most common of all liver problems. The yellow colour of the skin and mucous membranes happens because of an increase in the bile pigment, bilirubin, in the blood.

The bile, made by the liver, is a vital digestive fluid needed for proper nutrition. It also stops decaying changes in food. If the bile is stopped from entering the intestines there is an increase in gases and other products. Normally, the production of bile and its flow is constant.

Bilirubin toxicity

Unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia in the neonate can lead to accumulation of bilirubin in certain brain regions, a phenomenon known as kernicterus, with consequent irreversible damage to these areas manifesting as various neurological deficits, seizures, abnormal reflexes and eye movements. Aside from specific chronic medical conditions that may lead to hyperbilirubinaemia, neonates in general are at increased risk since they lack the intestinal bacteria that facilitate the breakdown and excretion of conjugated bilirubin in the feces (this is largely why the feces of a neonate are paler than those of an adult). Instead the conjugated bilirubin is converted back into the unconjugated form by the enzyme b-glucoronidase and a large proportion is reabsorbed through the enterohepatic circulation.

BENEFITS OF BILIRUBIN

Reasonable levels of bilirubin can be beneficial to the organism. Evidence is accumulating that suggests bilirubin can protect tissues against oxidative damage caused by free radicals and other reactive oxygen species. Statistical analysis of people with high normal or slightly elevated bilirubin levels in blood shows that they have a lower risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

TRYPTOPHAN

Hadeel Osman, group 26. Scientific adviser is Kozub Svetlana.

Discovery. The isolation of tryptophan was first reported by Frederick Hopkins in 1901[4] through hydrolysis of casein.

Biosynthesis and industrial production

Plants and microorganisms commonly synthesize tryptophan from shikimic acid or Anthranilate.The latter condenses with phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP), generating pyrophosphate as a by-product. After ring opening of the ribose moiety and following reductive decarboxylation, indole-3-glycerinephosphate is produced; this in turn is transformed into indole. In the last step, tryptophan synthase catalyzes the formation of tryptophan from indole and the amino acid serine.

Importance to humans, Tryptophan is one of the eight essential amino acids that your body can't make by itself. Therefore, it must acquire the amino acid through dietary sources. Tryptophan as an amino acid thus a building block for proteins that are essential to the human body it also helps your body produce essential substances, Serotonin, (neurotransmitter primarily found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, platelets, and the central nervous system (CNS) of animals, including humans. It is popularly thought to be a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness, regulation of mood, appetite, and sleep. Memory and learning, Melatonin neurohormone that makes you feel sleepy. Used as medicine in form of pills for treating insomnia and delayed sleep phase syndromes. And Niacin a vitamin. B.

Tryptophan is available as a dietary supplement and has long been used as a sleep aid and antidepressant, seasonal affective disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and other disorders caused by low serotonin levels in the brain. It may also be useful for epileptics.

Lack of tryptophan thus low levels of it can lead to a tryptophan deficiency could lead to severely depressed mood, changes in appetite and severe sleep problems.

Sources, Tryptophan is found in dairy proteins and in foods that are high in protein, like meat, nuts and legumes. Here are some foods that are high in it Chocolate Mangoes Pumpkin seeds, Cottage cheese Milk Yogurt Oats Dates Eggs Fish Sesame Chickpeas Sunflower seeds.

Life of Dmitriy Mendeleev

Oluronbi Olubunmi Ifeolu, group 26. Scientific adviser is Kozub Svetlana.

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev lived from 8 february 1834- 2 february 1907. He was a Russian scientist and inventor. Who formulated the periodic law, created his own version of the periodic table of elements and used it to correct the properties of some already discovered elements and used it to correct the properties of elements yet to be discovered. In 1863, there were 56 known elements with a new element being discovered at approximately one per year, other scientists had previously identified periodicity of elements, an example John Newlands who described the law of octaves notting their periodicity according to relative atomic weight in 1864, publishing it in 1865.

After him was also named mendelevium, which is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Md (formerly Mv) and the atomic number 101. It is a metallic radioactive transuranic element in the actinide series, usually synthesized by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles.

A large lunar impact crater Mendeleev that is located on the far side of the Moon, as seen from the Earth, also bears the name of the scientist.

Mendeleev made other important contributions to chemistry. The Russian chemist and science historian Lev Chugaev has characterized him as "a chemist of genius, first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology,

certain branches of chemical technology.

He put forward a hypothesis that there existed two inert chemical elements of lesser atomic weight than hydrogen. Of these two proposed elements, he thought the lighter to be an all-penetrating, all-pervasive gas, and the slightly heavier one to be a proposed element, coronium another department of physical chemistry, he investigated the expansion of liquids with heat, and devised a formula similar to Gay-Lussac's law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases, while in 1861 he anticipated Thomas Andrews' conception of the critical temperature of gases by defining the absolute boiling-point of a substance as the temperature at which cohesion and heat of vaporization become equal to zero and the liquid changes to vapor, irrespective of the pressure and volume.

Mendeleev is given credit for the introduction of the metric system to the Russian Empire.

He invented pyrocollodion, a kind of smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose. This work had been commissioned by the Russian Navy, which however did not adopt its use. In 1892 Mendeleev organized its manufacture. Mendeleev studied petroleum origin and concluded hydrocarbons are abiogenic and form deep within the earth – see Abiogenic petroleum origin.

He wrote: "The capital fact to note is that petroleum was born in the depths of the earth, and it is only there that we must seek its origin."

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