Международный научный журнал №7(100), часть «Научный Фокус» ноября, 2023 Международный современный научно-практический журнал Научный Фокус

Международный научный журнал № 7(100), часть 2 
«Научный Фокус» ноября, 2023 
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linear order and structural connections between words or linguistic units. These 
relations are built on the concept of syntax, which deals with the rules governing the 
arrangement of words in a sentence. 
One way to grasp the idea of syntagmatic relations is by considering the concept 
of collocation. Collocations are word combinations that frequently occur together and 
have become conventionalized in a language. For example, we say "make an effort" 
rather than "do an effort." The words "make" and "effort" have a strong syntagmatic 
relation because they typically appear together in that specific order. 
Syntagmatic relations also involve more complex structures, such as phrases and 
clauses. For instance, in the sentence "She bought a red apple," the words "red" and 
"apple" form a syntagmatic relation within the noun phrase "a red apple." The order of 
the words is crucial for conveying the intended meaning and syntactic structure. 
Syntagmatic relations play a significant role in determining the grammaticality 
and coherence of a sentence. Violating the syntagmatic relations often leads to 
ungrammatical or semantically awkward sentences. The specific order and 
connections between words allow for the expression of different grammatical 
structures and conveyance of precise meaning. 
Additionally, considering syntagmatic relations aids in understanding sentence 
comprehension and production. Speakers and listeners rely on these relations to 
anticipate and interpret upcoming words or phrases based on the linguistic context. 
Lexical and grammatical combinality are important concepts in linguistics that 
involve the ability of words to combine and form meaningful linguistic units within a 
language. Let's explore each concept in detail: 
1. Lexical Combinality: 
Lexical combinality relates to the combinations of words and their meanings in a 
language. It refers to how words can be combined to create compounds, phrases, 
idioms, collocations, and other lexical units that convey specific meanings. 
- Compounds: Compounds are formed by combining two or more words to create 
a new word with a distinct meaning. Examples include "football," "blackboard," and 
"sunglasses." The combination of the words contributes to the overall meaning of the 
compound. 
- Phrases: Phrases are groups of words that function together to convey a specific 
meaning. For instance, "in the morning," "at the park," and "on the table" are all 
examples of phrases where the individual words combine to express a particular 
context or relationship. 
- Idioms: Idioms are fixed expressions that have a figurative or non-literal 
meaning. These phrases often cannot be understood by the literal meanings of their 
individual words. For example, "kick the bucket" means to die, but the combination of 
"kick" and "bucket" does not convey that literal meaning. 
- Collocations: Collocations are frequently occurring combinations of words that 
have become conventionalized in a language. These combinations sound natural and 

Международный научный журнал № 7(100), часть 2 
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idiomatic to native speakers. Examples include "strong coffee," "fast food," and "make a 
decision." The specific pairing of words creates a particular meaning or association. 
Syntagmatic relations refer to the relationships between words or elements in a 
sentence or utterance. These relations involve the linear order and arrangement of 
words or units within a phrase or sentence. Syntagmatic relations include syntactic 
relationships such as subject-verb-object, adjective-noun, and adverb-verb, as well as 
collocations or fixed word combinations.
Grammatical Combinality: 
Grammatical combinality focuses on the ability of words and other linguistic units 
to combine in a grammatically acceptable manner according to the rules of a language. 
It involves the formation of grammatically well-formed phrases, sentences, and larger 
linguistic structures. 
- Phrase Structure: Grammatical combinality includes the structuring of phrases 
according to the rules of syntax. For example, the English language follows a specific 
order for adjective-noun combinations, as in "beautiful flowers" rather than "flowers 
beautiful." 
- Sentence Structure: Grammatical combinality also involves the arrangement of 
words and phrases within a sentence to create a grammatically coherent structure. 
Sentences must adhere to the rules of grammar, including subject-verb agreement, 
proper use of tenses, and word order. 
- Function Words: Function words such as articles (the, a, an), prepositions (in, 
on, at), and conjunctions (and, but, or) play a crucial role in grammatical combinality. 
These words establish the relationships between other words and help create well-
formed sentences. 
Valency and transitivity are related concepts in linguistics that describe the 
relationship between verbs, their arguments, and the structure of sentences. Besides 
that, valency refers to the number and type of arguments that a verb requires to form a 
grammatically complete sentence. Arguments are typically noun phrases (or 
pronouns) that are essential for the verb to convey its complete meaning. The valency 
of a verb determines the number and type of these obligatory arguments. 
For example, consider the verb "eat." It requires an agent (the one doing the 
action) and a patient (the thing being eaten) as its arguments. Therefore, the valency of 
"eat" is two. A complete sentence using this verb would be "She eats an apple," where 
"she" is the agent and "an apple" is the patient.
Transitivity: transitivity describes the degree to which a verb takes one or more 
objects to complete its meaning. A transitive verb requires at least one object, while an 
intransitive verb does not need an object. Some verbs can also be ditransitive, meaning 
they require two objects. Thus, using the previous example, the verb "eat" is transitive 
because it requires an object ("an apple") to complete its meaning. In contrast, an 
intransitive verb like "sleep" does not require an object, as in the sentence "She 
sleeps." 

Международный научный журнал № 7(100), часть 2 
«Научный Фокус» ноября, 2023 
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Ditransitive verbs, on the other hand, require two objects. For instance, consider 
the verb "give." In the sentence "She gave him a book," "she" is the subject, "him" is the 
indirect object, and "a book" is the direct object. The verb "give" is ditransitive because 
it takes both an indirect object ("him") and a direct object ("a book").It's worth noting 
that some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive, depending on the context. For 
example, the verb "run" can be used transitively to mean "run a race" or intransitively 
to mean "I run every morning." 
In conclusion, understanding syntagmatic relations, lexical and grammatical 
combinality, valency, and transitivity is crucial for comprehending language structure 
and usage. These concepts shed light on the relationships between words, their 
combinations, and the patterns that govern their usage. Mastery of these concepts 
allows for effective communication and analysis of language in various contexts, 
facilitating accurate interpretation and production of meaningful sentences and 
discourse.Syntagmatic relations are concerned with the linear arrangement and 
connections between words and linguistic units within sentences or discourse. The 
understanding of these relations is fundamental to creating grammatically well-
formed sentences and coherent communication in a language. Lexical and grammatical 
combinality are fundamental aspects of language that shape how words and linguistic 
units combine to form meaningful expressions and sentences. Lexical combinality 
focuses on the formation of meaningful lexical units, while grammatical combinality 
governs the rules for constructing grammatically acceptable structures. Together, they 
contribute to effective communication in a language. 
Understanding valency and transitivity helps analyze sentence structures, 
identify the necessary arguments for verbs, and determine the grammaticality of a 
sentence. These concepts allow linguists and language learners to deepen their 
understanding of how verbs interact with their arguments and shape the overall 
structure of sentences. 

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