Навчально-методичний посібник для практичних занять та самостійної роботи студентів Полтава 2012

Language.

The alternative position maintains that thought is difficult to separate from language; each is woven inextricably into the other. Concepts can only take shape if and when we have words and structures in which to express them. Thinking depends crucially upon language. Because the vocabularies and structures of separate languages can vary so widely, it makes no sense to posit conceptual primes of a universal nature. Habitual users of one language will experience and understand the world in ways peculiar to that language and different from those of habitual users of another language. The latter viewpoint might be termed the "relativist" position.

Fyodor Dostoevsky.

Dostoevsky was a deeply religious man and poli­tically a strong conservative Slavophil. For a short time, he became editor of the archconservative magazine The Citizen and later a regular contributor. He waged war against the liberals and the revolutionaries, who repaid him by calling his work "corruption" and "lunacy". For Dostoevsky, Western society was too materialistic and commercial; instead, he felt the values of the simple Russian people – meekness, compassion and acceptance of the will of God – were what society should emulate.

During their parallel careers, as Tolstoy was writ­ing about the world of the country gentry, a class and a way of life, which were gradually disappearing, Dostoevsky was creating the anti-heroes who haunted the dark streets of misty St. Petersburg. Yet, although they were very different – Tolstoy the champion of nature and man, the brilliant recorder of reality in its most precise detail, and Dostoevsky the relentless explorer of the dark recesses of men's souls – they were joined in their belief that in the Russian people lay the virtues that could illuminate the world.

Дэвид Байрон.

История человека по имени Дэвид Байрон мно­го короче и трагичнее, нежели история Кена Хенсли. Сам того не осознавая, Дэвид поставил целью жизни постепенное саморазрушение и вполне пре­успел 28 февраля 1985 года, приняв смерть в возрас­те тридцати восьми лет. Он не обладал ярким ком­позиторским дарованием Кена Хенсли, он не был наделен профессиональной истовостью Керслейка, дружелюбным спокойствием Мика Бокса, но Бай­рон, как никто другой, близок духу исповедуемой Кеном Хенсли и всеми хипами музыки. Именно сов­местная работа Дэвида и Кена, как, впрочем, и всех хипов создала феномен «Юрайя Хип». Все после­дующие вокалисты группы будут обречены на по­стоянные сравнения с Дэвидом Байроном.

Translation:

The story of a man named David Byron is much more dramatic than that of Ken Hensley. Unaware of it, David made it his life objective to gradually destroy himself, triumphantly facing his death 28 February 1985 at the age of 38. Unlike Ken Hensley, he was not a blight composer; unlike Lee Kerslake, he was lacking in professional punctiliousness; was he marked with neither Mick Box’s quiet amicability nor his devotion to technicality. Yet it was Byron who stood nearer than anybody else did to the spirit of music as professed by Ken Hensley and the other Heep. It was thanks to the joint efforts of David, Ken and all the Heep together that the phenomenon of Uriah Heep was brought into being. All the subsequent vocalists are invariably compared with David Byron.
TEXT7. Determine units of translation to be used, state at what level of equivalence each of them should be rendered into Ukrainian.

CONSERVATION AND POLITICIANS.

Conservation and ecology are suddenly fashionable. Politicians on both sides of the Atlantic are seizing on the environment as a topical political issue. It seems, however, that they are in danger of missing the point. Protecting our environment cannot be achieved simply by some magic new technology; or by tinkering with our present system. Saving the environment raises profound questions about some of fundamental assumptions of any society. It is doubtful whether some of the politicians now climbing on the conservation bandwagon fully realize this point, or whether they would be so enthusiastic if they did. Serious environmental conservation means that governments will have to set pollution standards, despite cries from the offending industries that their foreign competitors will benefit. (8) Politicians will have to face up to some extremely awkward decisions: for instance whether to ban cars without anti-pollution devices. There will have to be international agreements in which short-term national interests have to be sacrificed. It means, in short, a more responsible view of man's relationship to his habitat.
TEXT8. Find the words and word-combinations in the text, which have permanent correspondences, suggest your variants of translation. Translate the text.

DIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES.

The problem I propose to discuss is rather a hard nut to crack. Why does homo sapiens, whose digestive track functions in precisely the same complicated ways the world over, whose biochemical fabric and genetic potential are essentially common in all peoples and at every stage of social evolution—why does this unified mammalian species not use one common language? It inhales, for its life processes, one chemical ele­ment and dies if deprived of it. It makes do with the same number of teeth and vertebrae. In the light of anatomical and neurophysiologic universals, a unitary language solution would be readily understandable. However, there is also another “natural” model. A deaf, non-literate observer approaching the planet from outside and reporting on crucial aspects of human appearance and behaviour, would conclude with some confidence that men speak a small number of different, though probably related, tongues. He would guess at a figure of the order of half a dozen with perhaps a cluster of dialects or pidgins. This number would be persua­sively concordant with other major parameters of human diversity. “Why, then, this mystery of Babel?”


TEXT9. Analyze the text; suggest the transformations to be used. Translate the text.

THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME.

Until the close of World War II active speculation about the technological features of the future was restricted in the main to the literature of science fiction. This literature was regarded until then as an exhilarating avenue of escape from the humdrum of the all-too-solid present. Un­deterred by premonitions, the reader's imagination could soar freely through time and space. He might even smile at the naive reassurance provided by some of the tales of such pioneers of the genre as Jules Verne and H.G. Wells, in which contemporary society continued to move soporifically along its customary grooves undeflected by the cataclysmic discoveries of some scientific maniac. And what could be cosier than a Wellsian time machine that, following a fearsome trip into the far future, could be depended upon to return the author to the present in good time for tea around the parlour fire? It is this once-powerful sense of the here-and-now that has begun to recede since the War. Much that was only yester­day relegated airily to the realm of science fiction is now recognized as sober scientific fact. Moreover, there is virtually nothing in today's science fiction that is thought of as “impossible” tomorrow. The increasing pace of technological and social change in the post-war world is actively dissolving the familiar signposts of our civilization before our media-soaked eyes. Willingly or reluctantly, we are impelled to give more and more of our attention to the shape of things to come.
TEXT10. Translate the text with special attention to specific national

lexicon; motivate the choice of methods to render them.

THE PATH OF PROGRESS.

The process of change was set in motion everywhere from Land's End to John O'Groats. However, it was in northern cities that our modern world was born. These stocky, taciturn people were the first to live by steam, cogs, iron, and engine grease, and the first in modern times to demonstrate the dynamism of the human condition. This is where, by all the rules of heredity, the artificial satellite and the computer was conceived. Baedeker may not recognize it, but it is one of history's crucibles. Until the start of the technical revolution, in the second half of the eighteenth century, England was an agricultural country, only slightly invigorated by the primitive industries of the day. She was impelled, for the most part, by muscular energies – the strong arms of her islanders, the immense legs of her noble horses. But she was already mining coal and smelting iron, digging canals and negotiating bills of exchange. Agriculture itself had changed under the impact of new ideas: the boundless open fields of England had almost all been enclosed, and lively farmers were experimenting with crop rotation, breeding methods and winter feed. There was a substantial merchant class already, fostered by trade and adventure, and a solid stratum of literate yeomen.
TEXT11. Define the units of translation to be used, choose the methods of rendering them, and motivate your choice.

FAO... LET THERE BE BREAD.

A new excitement has been added to the queer race that Man has run against himself through the ages, testing whether he can produce food fast enough to feed his fast-growing family. In the past, the race has never been a contest. Never, in all the yesterdays since he clambered out of the primeval ooze, has Man the Provider caught up with Man the Procreator: there has been famine somewhere in the world in nearly every year of recorded history. Even today, after twenty centuries of Christian Enlightenment, half man's family goes hungry and vast numbers of them are actually starving to death. Nevertheless, the race has suddenly grown close enough to be charged with suspense. For the Provider has latterly been getting expert coaching from the sidelines and, despite the fact that the Procreator is adding to his family at the unprecedented rate of nearly fifty million a year, the gap is steadily closing. The coach responsible for this remarkable turn of events is the Food and Agricultural Organization, more familiarly known as FAO, a specialized Agency of the United Nations. As its name suggests, FAO worries more about the eater than about the farmer. The emphasis is natural enough, for farmers (and fishermen and producers of food generally) comprise only about three-fifths of the world's gainfully employed, but we all eat and, to hear FAO tell it, most of us eat wrong. It was, indeed, out of concern for the well-being of eaters the world over that FAO was born.
TEXT12. Analyze the text, determine the style, and single out the units, which may create problems in the process of translation, find the methods of rendering them and motivate your choice. Translate the text.

Funny British.

Once, from behind a closed door, I heard an English woman exclaim with real pleasure, “They are funny, the Yanks!” And I crept away and laughed to think that an English person was saying such a thing. And I thought: They wallpaper their ceilings! They put little knitted bobble-hats on their soft-boiled eggs to keep them warm! They do not give you bags in supermarkets! They say sorry when you step on their toes! Their government makes them get a hundred dollar licence every year for watching television! They issue driving licences that are valid for thirty or forty years – mine expires in the year 2011! They charge you for matches when you buy cigarettes! They smoke on buses! They drive on the left! They spy for the Russians! They say “nigger” and ”Jew boy” without flinching! They call their houses ”Holmleigh” and ”Sparrow View”! They sunbathe in their underwear! They don't say ”You're welcome”! They still have milk bottles and milkmen, and junk-dealers with horse-drawn wagons! They love candy, Lucozade, and leftovers called bubble-and-squeak! They live in Barking and Dorking and Shellow Bowells! They have amazing names, like Mr.Eatwell, and Lady Inkpen, and Major Twaddle and Miss Tosh! And they think we’re funny?

The longer I lived in London the more I came to see how much of Englishness was bluff, and what wet blankets they could be. You told an Englishman you were planning a trip around Britain and he said, “It sounds about as much fun as chasing a mouse around a pisspot.” They could be deeply dismissive and self-critical. “We're awful,” they said. “This country is hopeless. We're never prepared for anything. Nothing works properly.” But being self-critical in this way was also a tactic for remaining ineffectual. It was surrender.

And when an English person said “we” he did not mean himself – he meant the classes above and below him, the people he thought should be taking decisions, and the people who should be following. “We” meant everyone else.

“Mustn't grumble” was the most English of expressions. English patience was mingled inertia and despair. What was the use? However, Americans did nothing but grumble! Americans also boasted. “I do some pretty incredible things,” was not an English expression. “I'm fairly keen,” was not American. Americans were show-offs – it was part of our innocence – we often fell on our faces; the English seldom showed off, so they seldom looked like fools. The English liked especially to mock the qualities in other people they admitted they did not have themselves. And some­times they found us truly maddening. In America, you were “admired for getting ahead, elbowing forward, rising, and pushing in”. In England this behaviour was hated – it was the way the wops acted, it was Chinese fire drill, it was disorder. But making a quick buck was also a form of queue-jumping, and getting ahead was a form of rudeness – a “bounder” was a person who had moved out of his class. It was not a question of forgiving such things; it was, simply, that they were never forgotten. The English had long, merciless memories.

Mama Palaver.

“What is the connection between Mama Palaver, Merlin Pllew, and the coven of Dame Sybil? I asked.

“Well, all of them are Welsh or part Welsh,” said Custis. “I spoke with a soul brother walking a beat over in Cherry Creek, and he's been keeping a jaundiced eye on Mama Palaver for some time. Never spotted anything he could make a bust on. But he remembered seeing a little clubfooted ofay, I mean, white guy, wandering in and out of her place. Mama Palaver's been here in town a little I over a year. We can't place Pllew further back than about six months. Looks like the old spook, down on his luck, looked his daughter up, and she let him in on a good thing.”

“She was dealing in magical supplies,” I said. “And ap­parently willing to do other favors for our local occult set. Sometimes magic needs a little muscle to make it work.”

“Muscles she's got,” replied Custis, grimly. “Cop I talked to says he's spotted a couple of known narcotics users going in and out of the temple she was running in that storefront. I doubt like hell they were interested in having their fortunes told.”

“Guy with a thirty-dollar monkey on his back would do about anything he was told,” I agreed.

“Even dig a grave,'” said Custis. “Or dig one up. Young Lew Evans was going somewhere with his granddaddy, Merlin Pllew, just the other night. My friendly neighbor­hood cop couldn't say where. But they were loading bun­dles into a panel truck and – “

“Back up, Pete.” I cut in, “Pllew's been dead for month, remember?”
TEXT14. Compare the original and the variants of translation texts, explain the choice of correspondences used, and suggest your variants.

A WOMAN AND A FILM.

The part that got me was a lady sitting next to me that cried all through the goddam picture. The phonier it got, the more she cried. You'd have thought she did it because she was kind-hearted as hell, but I was sitting right next to her, and she wasn't. She had this little kid with her that was bored as hell and had to go to the bathroom, but she wouldn't take him. She kept telling him to sit still and behave himself. She was about as kind-hearted as a goddam wolf. You take somebody that cries their goddam eyes out over phoney stuff in the movies, and nine times out often they're mean bastards at heart. I'm not kidding.

Перевод 1:

Но кого я никак не мог понять, так это даму, которая сидела рядом со мной и всю картину про­плакала. И чем больше там было липы, тем горше она плакала. Можно было подумать, что она такая жалостливая, добрая, но я сидел с ней рядом и ви­дел, какая она добрая. С ней был маленький сыниш­ка, ему было скучно до одури, и он все скулил, что хочет в уборную, а она его не вела. Все время гово­рила — сиди смирно, веди себя прилично. Волчица и та, наверно, добрее. Вообще, если взять десять человек из тех, кто смотрит липовую картину и ревет в три ручья, так поручиться можно, что девять из них окажутся прожженными сволочами. Я вам серьезно говорю.

Перевод 2:

Дамочка, которая сидела рядом со мной и ли­ла слезы всю эту дерьмовую картину напролет, ме­ня просто достала. Чем больше липы на экране, тем она горше рыдала. Уж такая добренькая, дальше некуда, но я-то сидел рядом, меня не проведешь. С ней был пацан, и он просто одурел от этой пошля­тины и хотел в уборную, но куда там. Она только дергала его и шипела, чтобы он сидел смирно и вел себя прилично. Добрая, прямо как зверюга. Вообще из десяти человек, которые распускают сопли на какой-нибудь вшивой кинушку, девять наверняка просто подлые ублюдки. Честное слово.
TEXT19. The ads below have different metaphors, find adequate Ukrainian metaphors, and translate the texts.

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Settle down to a place that’s surrounded with pristine water. Clean, clear air. And far, far away from tourists. Just six miles away from Beaufort, SC, DATAW Island is a private community that offers a flock of acti­vities, like golf, tennis and fine diving. Plus fish­ing and boating at a magnificent clubhouse. Come for a DATAW Discovery Getaway. Discover Dataw Island.

2. SPIRIT OF THE SIOUX. In a ritual older than time, the Sioux medicine man begins his mystic chant. Dancing in the light of the dawn — in union with the spirit of the eagle. A masterpiece in hand-painted porcelain created by Robert F. Murphy, the Gold Medal winner who is sought after by collectors of art. Captured in fine porcelain and hand-painted in all his glorious colours, Murphy's medicine man is so superbly sculptured that you can count all 51 feathers on the Indian's head­dress. Signed and dated by the artist.

3. A LAND OF LEGENDS. If your outdoor ad­venture is what you're into, there's no better place than Yukon and Alaska Territories. You can trek the trails, hike the ice fields, or scale the heights. Or fish the lakes, canoe the rivers. You can spot walrus, Beluga whales, or thundering herds of muskoxen and caribou. All that glitters ... may well be gold. Tour the mines, then pick up a pail and try your luck! Your welcome here is as big as all outdoors.

4. EXCALIBUR. A legendary watch for day and knight. For the man whose time has come. The watch dial gleams with the image of the legen­dary Excalibur, ''Sword in the Stone". Only the noble King Arthur had the power to remove it. And with this mighty feat he became the king of the realm. Excalibur the sword. On a watch for the man who rules his own destiny.

The New Animal Farm.

Can pigs produce organs for humans?

If you had to pick the likely stroke victim from a lineup, Amanda Davis is not the person you'd choose. On the eve of her 20th birthday, the sweet-faced New Englander was driv­ing home from college to visit her parents when she started feeling queasy and uncoordinated. She pulled over and asked her friend to drive. Then she woke up in a hospital bed. A stroke had paralyzed the entire left side of her body. No one expected her to walk again.

Two years later Davis not only walks but runs short dis­tances. She has gotten rid of her leg brace and regained use of her left arm. Her only lingering impairment is a paralyzed hand. It's hard to say exactly what causes such a stellar re­covery, but here's a possibility. Last year doctors at Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital drilled two holes in Davis's skull and injected fetal-pig cells— about 80 million of them — into her brain. The cells seem to have taken root and formed connections with her own surviving neurons, revers­ing much of the damage caused by the stroke.

Pig-cell transplants are still a work in progress, and por­cine organ transplants are only an idea. But as producers Frank Simmonds and Michael Chrisman of Britain's Carlton Television make clear in a new documentary titled "Organ Farm," the barriers to cross-species medical procedures are slowly coming down. Despite doubts about the safety and ethics of "xenotransplantation" (the prefix means "foreign"), biotech and pharmaceutical companies are pouring millions into the endeavor, and their technologies are steadily improv­ing. If the enthusiasts are right, people with pig hearts will be pacing hospital corridors five years from now, and organ production will become a new form of agriculture.

The idea of putting pig parts in people is not a new one; physicians have long used porcine heart valves and hormones in people. But with the advent of fetal-cell research, the prac­tice has reached a whole new level. Today, researchers are test­ing fetal-pig cells as a treatment for a range of brain condi­tions — not only stroke but also Parkinson's disease, Hunt­ington's disease, epilepsy, chronic pain and spinal-cord injury. Only a few dozen patients have received brain cells from fetal pigs. But preliminary studies of Parkinson's patients suggest that pig cells may work as well as those from human fetuses.

Though whole-organ transplants are not yet feasible, the prospects are improving almost monthly. When a regular pig organ is attached to a person or a primate, the immune system destroys it within hours. But in recent years, scientists have created pigs whose cells display antigens —flags, basically — that human cells use to show the immune system they belong in the body. Organs from those partially "hu­manized" animals have survived up to eight weeks in ba­boons — and they are sometimes used (externally) to sustain people for brief periods while they await human-organ trans­plants. Despite the human camouflage, these organs still spore a pig antigen called Gal, which flags them as foreigners and speeds immune rejection. Several companies are now racing to develop Gal-free pigs. And Infigen Inc. of De Forest, Wis., recently succeeded at cloning a partially human­ized pig. That's important because breeding could dilute the qualities that make a pig medically useful.

The race to reinvent the pig is not hard to fathom. This year 53,000 of the 75,000 Americans who might benefit from a transplant will die waiting for a donor. Transplantable pig organs could generate billions for biotech while extend­ing thousands of lives. But what would the net effect be? Many experts worry that cross-species organ sharing could trigger plagues by infecting people with obscure but transmis­sible pathogens. As Amherst College biologist Paul Ewald observes, the bugs that cause AIDS, tuberculosis, typhus and measles all reached us through animals. Plagues aside, many critics see xenotransplantation as a colossal waste of resources. "You could save more lives for less money by improving ac­cess to basic health care," says Alan Berger of the Sacramento-based Animal Protection Institute. True enough. But that argument has yet to slow the quest for higher-tech treat­ments, and this race is far from over.
Новая Животная Ферма.

Свиньи могут производить органы для людей?

Двумя годами позже Davis не только идёт, но и управляет короткими расстояниями. Она стала избавленной другая фигурная скобка ноги (опоры) и восстановила использование её левой руки. Её единственное вялое ухудшение парализовано.

Трудно говорить точно какова причина такое звёздное восстановление, но имеется возможность. В прошлом году доктора в Бостоне Brigham и Женская Больница сверлил два отверстия в Daviss черепе и вводил ячейки с эмбриональной свиньёй – приблизительно 80 млн. из них в ее мозг. Ячейки, кажется, пущают корни и сформируют связи с ее собственными нейронами выживания (преодоления), изменение многое из повреждения (ущерба), вызванного ударом. Ячейка свиньи пересаживается – все еще работа в продвижении (прогрессе), и porcine орган пересаживается – только идея. Но поскольку производители Франк Симмондс и Майкл Чрисман Британского Carlton Телевидения ясно дают понять в новом названном документальном фильме "Ферма Органа" барьеры к медицинским процедурам с взаимной разновидностью. Медленно снижение. Несмотря на сомнения, относительно безопасности и этики "xenotransplan порция" (приставка означает "иностранный"), biotech, и фармацевтические компании наливают миллионы в усилие, и их технологии устойчиво улучшают. Если энтузиасты правы, люди с сердцами свиньи будут f - pacing коридоры больницы, пять лет с этого времени, и производство органа станут новой формой сельского хозяйства.

Идея относительно помещения кастрюль свиньи в людях – не новая.

Врачи долго использовали porcine сердечные клапаны и гормоны в людях. Но с появлением исследования эмбриональный ячейка, практика достигла целого нового уровня. Сегодня, исследователи проверяют ячейки с эмбриональной свиньей, поскольку обработка (лечение) для диапазона мозговых условий (состояний) – не только поглаживает, но также и Parkinsons болезнь, болезнь Охоты-ingtons, эпилепсия, хроническая боль и ущерб спинного мозга.

Только несколько дюжин пациентов получила мозговые ячейки от эмбриональных свиней. Но предварительные занятия (изучения) пациентов Паркинсона говорят, что ячейки свиньи могут работать также как от человеческих зародышей. Хотя целый орган пересаживается, еще не выполним, перспективы улучшаются почти ежемесячно. Когда регулярный орган свиньи приложен человеку или примату, иммунная (свободная) система уничтожает это в пределах часов. Но в недавних годах, ученые создали свиньи, чей ячейки показывают antigens – флаги, в основном – который человеческие ячейки используют, чтобы показать иммунной (свободной) системе, они принадлежат в органе (теле). Органы от тех частично "гуманизировались", животные пережили до восьми недель в baboons – и они иногда используются (внешне), чтобы выдержать людей в течение кратких периодов, в то время как они ждут человеческий орган, пересаживает. Несмотря на человеческий камуфляж, эти органы все еще спорт свинья ангигенеральная называемая Девочка, который флаги их как иностранцы и скорости иммунное (свободное) отклонение. Несколько компаний теперь гонятся, чтобы развить свободные от девочек свиньи. И Infigen компания of DeForest. Wis. недавно следовал в размножении (клонировании) частично гуманизированной свиньи. Это важно, потому что размножение могло растворять качества, которые делают свинью, с медицинской точки зрения полезную Гонка (раса), чтобы повторно изобрести свинью не трудно понять. В этом году 53,000 из 75,000 американцев, кто могли бы извлекать выгоду из пересаживаемого, умрет, ожидая донор. Пересаживаемые органы свиньи могли производить миллиарды для biotech при распространении (продлении) тысяч жизней. Но что результирующее влияние было бы? Много экспертов волнуют, что орган с взаимной разновидностью, разделяющий мог вызывать plagues, инфицируя людей с obsure, но передающимся pathogens. Как Amherst биолог Колледжа Пауль Евалд наблюдает (соблюдает), ошибки (дефекты), что причиняют СПИД, туберкулез, сыпной тиф и корь весь достигнутый нас через животных. Plagues в стороне, много критиков видят xenotransplantation как колоссальная трата (отходы) ресурсов. "Вы могли экономитъ (спасать) большее количество жизней на меньшее количество денег, улучшая доступ к основному здравоохранению," говорит Алан Бергер Sacramento-основанного Животного Института Защиты. Достаточно истинный, но тот аргумент (спор) должен все же замедлить поиски выше-технических обработок (лечения), и эта гонка (раса) далека от окончания.

1. Візит княгині Ольги до Константинополя.

У Константинополі в кінці 944 року Романа І Лакапина було усуну­то від влади і тодішній звичай вимагав поновлення договору між пре-столонаступниками. На візантійському троні опинився Костянтин VII Порфірогент, охочий до писань цар, який і залишив нам майже про­токольний опис прийому архонтиси росів у своїй "Книзі церемоній". Посольство складало понад 100 осіб, у тому числі 3 перекладачі, свя­щеник Григорій, 22 посли і 44 купці.

Приймали володарку Русі з найвищими почестями. Крім офіційно­го прийому у Золотій Палаті Великого Палацу, басилевс зустрічався з Ольгою у вузькому сімейному колі; двічі її приймав патріарх. Яким був зміст переговорів -- достовірних свідчень немає. Та, безперечно, мова йшла про допомогу з боку Візантії у справі запровадження християн­ства, про підтвердження статей договору 944 року. Історики припуска­ють теж, що, можливо, велика княгиня пробувала висватати кого-небудь серед царської родини за свого сина Святослава, який на той час, згідно з уточненими датами, досяг повноліття. Легенди ще розповіда­ють про хрещення Ольги в Царгороді та про сватання до неї ромейського царя... Незважаючи на пишний прийом, княгиня Ольга чомусь залишилася невдоволеиото результатами переговорів. І в боротьбі з антихристиянською опозицією їй довелося розраховувати тільки на влас­ні сили. Вона змушена була піти на певні поступки.

2. Ярослав Мудрий.

Смерть Володимира Великого призвела до суперечки між його синами за київський князівський престол, яка закінчилася перемогою та утвердженням Ярослава 1019 р. великим князем київським.

Ярослав Мудрий розгромив печенігів і назавжди відкинув їх від кордонів руських земель, відвоював у Польщі червенські міста, провів успішні походи проти ятвягів та литовців. З ініціативи Ярослава в Киє­ві розпочалося грандіозне будівництво. Споруджено нову лінію міських укріплень з трьома ворітьми, яка захищала "місто Ярослава". За своєю до сконалістю і могутністю фортифікації вона не мала рівних на Русі. У місті були величні церкви, розкішні палаци князів та бояр. Головним храмом держави, її найбільш урочистою та високохудожньою спорудою став Софійський собор. Правління Ярослава ознаменувалося небувалим розкві­том давньоруської культури, насамперед книжності. Він відкрив школи, при Св. Софії переписували і перекладали книги, там була і книгозбірня. Засновуються перші монастирі, зокрема Києво-Печерський, які стають осередками духовності і культури. Важливим державним актом був перший писемний збірник норм давньоруського права „Руська правда”.

За Ярослава Володимировича Київська Русь сягнула зеніту свого розквіту і могутності, ставши в ряд з найрозвиненішими країнами світу.

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Література:

Основна:

1. Алексеева И.С. Введение в переводоведение. – Санкт-Петербург: Академия, 2004.

2. Бархударов Л.С. Язык и перевод. – М., 1975.

3. Белякова Е.И. Переводим с английского / Материалы для семинарских и практических занятий по теории и практике перевода. – Санкт-Петербург: Каро, 2003.

4. Казакова Т.А. Практические основы перевода. – Санкт-Петербург,2001.

5. Карабан В.І. Посібник-довідник з перекладу англійської наукової і технічної літератури на українську мову. – Київ, 2001.

6. Комиссаров В.Н. Теоретические основы методики обучения переводу, - М., 1997.

7. Комиссаров В.Н., Коралова А.Л. Практикум по переводу с английского на русский язык. – М. Высшая школа, 1990. – 127 с.

8. Комиссаров В.Н., Рецкер Я.И., Тархов В.И. Пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский. – Ч. 1, 2. – М., 1960-1963.

9. Коптилов В.В. Теорія і практика перекладу. – К., 1982.

10. Корунець І.В. A Course in the Theory and Practice of Translation. – K, 1986.

11. Корунець І.В. Вступ до перекладознавства. – Вінниця, Нова Книга, 2008.

12. Крупнов В.Н. Курс перевода. Английский язык. – М., 1978.

13. Левицкая Т.М., Фитерман А.Н. Пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский. – М., 1973.

14. Лилова А. Введение в общую теорию перевода. – М., 1985.

15. Миньяр-Белоручев Я.К. Общая теория перевода и устный перевод. – М.,1980.

16. Мирам Г.Э. Алгоритмы перевода. – Киев, 1998.

17. Мирам Г.Э. Практический перевод: заметки к лекциям. – Киев, Ника-Центр, 2005.

18. Мирам Г.Э. Профессия: переводчик. – Киев,1999.

19. Нелюбин Л.Л. Переводческий словарь. – М., 1999.

20. Пронина Р.Ф. Пособие по переводу английской научно-технической литературы. – М., 1973.

21. Рецкер Я.И. Теория перевода и переводческая практика. – М., 1974.

22. Семенец О.Е., Панасьев А.Н. История перевода. – К., 1991.

23. Тетради переводчика. – М., 1962-1988. – Вып. 1-21.

24. Федоров А.В. Основы общей теории перевода. – М., 1983.

25. Читалина Н.А. Учитесь переводить. – М., 1978.

26. Чуковский К.М. Высокое искусство. О принципах художественного перевода. – М., 1983.

27. Швейцер А.Д. . Теория перевода. – М., 1988.

28. Ширяев А.Ф. Синхронный перевод. – М., 1979.

Додаткова:

1. Виноградов В.С. Лексические вопросы перевода художественной прозы. – М., 1978.

2. Комиссаров В.П. Лингвистика перевода. – М., 1980.

3. Федоров А.В. Искусство перевода и жизнь литературы. – Л., 1983.

4. Швейцер А.Д. Перевод и лингвистика. – М., 1973.

5. Юдина Г.Г. Учитесь переводить переводя. – М., 1962.