П. М. Кольцов т.ғ. д., профессор, Қалмақ мемлекеттік д и. н., профессор, Калмыцкий

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   Герои битвы за Кавказ. Издательство «Ирыстон». Цхинвали. 1975. 40-бет.
   
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   Герои битвы за Кавказ. 272-бет.
   
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In this article there are provided data about the general S.Rakhimov who was awarded by the 1^st a high rank “Major general” among Kazakhs in the period of the Great Patriotic War in 1941-1945y.

Key words: officer, division, ranks, army, war
UDC 94 (574) “17/19”:32.019.5
U.Т. Аkhmetova - Doctor of Historical Science

West Kazakhstan State University after M. Utemisov (Uralsk)

Е-mail: Ulzhan.axmetova.67@mail.ru
The history of Kazakhstan and Iosif Antonovich Kastanye
Abstract. The article is considering the scientific activity of the French scientist I.A. Castanie in the beginning of the 20-th century, who was a member of the Scientific archives Commission in Orenburg. In his studies I.A. Castano paid great attention to the archeological and ethnographic issues.

Key words: archaeology, ethnography, history, archive.
Iosif Antonovich Kastanye was famous for his research works. He is a French scientist, who dealt with research and collection of ancient monuments of Kazakh history. In 1901 he came to Orenburg, where he worked as a teacher of French in the gymnasium for men and in the cadet corps after Nepluyev. That year he began to take part in the social and scientific life of the city. The summary of this research work “The History of Para (Brazil) published in the bulletin of the scientific council in Santiago and the investigation extracts of the Ethnographic Museum Director Geld” which had been published in the “Works” of Orenburg Scientific Archives Committee (Works of OSAC – U.A.) was delivered at a regular meeting on the 3^rd of December in 1903. The scientist reports that the origin of the American Indians is in the focus of his attention. According to the investigation results, the similarity of the first inhabitants of America with the nation that is similar to Mongols. Due to Geld’s scientific data the Indians lived on the banks of the river Kunan. By the investigation results of two artificial caves that were called “yaka” the things found that at the cemeteries of Orenburg province in Russia were like those of the caves. For instance, the stone axes made of nephrite and other things that were similar to those of neolith epoch attract the scientists’s attention [1, pp. 171-173].

The scientist points out to the fact that similarities in the history of Kazakh people and American Indians take place.

I.A.Kastanye worked more than 10 years as a member of Orenburg Scientific Archives Committee and he was busy with collecting scientific information about Kazakh ancient monuments and systematized them.

By the permission of Archeological Committee of St.Petersburg and according to the task given by the OSAC, he started to fulfill archeological research works in Torgai oblast.

In accordance with the order №322 of May 24, 1904 the Archeological Committee sent a letter to the head of the department that led the construction jobs in the northern part of Orenburg-Tashkent railway. The letter read that the proper member of Archeological Committee, I.A. Kastanye had been sent on a mission to Torgai oblast to do archeological targets. In connection with it, they asked to give him a constant admission card from June 1 to August 10, 1904 in the northern part of Orenburg-Tashkent railway. In this regard the head of the department of the Orenburg-Tashkent railway informed the Head of the Orenburg Archives Committee that he would provide I.A. Kastanye with the 11 class free ticket by the order of №2029 of June 2, 1904 for the train №136 for a year [3, p-59].

I.A. Kastanye became the member of Orenburg Scientific Committee in 1902 and worked in the body of archeological expedition in Kazakh steppes, he also worked as a museum keeper and an assistant Head Commission in the years 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1911.

In 1904 Kastanye chose the nearest uezd Aktobe in his first trip to Kazakh land. There were 7 historical places: Karsaqbas in Elek bolus, the castles on the coast Baisholak, Shieli cave in Aktobe uezd, the ancient Shieli monuments which are given in the form of plaited stones, Ashysai burial mound in Aktobe bolus, the burial mound near the Zhaman Kargaly, the grave twisting three long lengths of stones near the coast of Zhaksy Kargaly and he researched these places [4, p-188].

The scientist made a report on his trip that in June, 1904 he went to Turkestan from Orenburg [5, p-176]. This trip was in Tashkent and Samarkand across the Kazakh land and then he returned back. After this trip at the regular meeting on March 9, 1905 he made an album of photos which were taken there in the report and handed in his papers [6, p-250].

Kastanye took a photo camera with him during the trip in order to collect a lot of documents about Kazakh history. His photos which were taken in Turkistan journey, such as “Kyrgyz council”, “Church in Aktobe”, “The house of a rich Kazakh”, “The Kazakh school in nomad’s tent”, “Kazakh steppe”, “Kazakh girls”, “A horseman”, “Steppe Journey”, “Ploughing”, “Mullahs” describe Kazakh life in the 20^th century. Those photographies belong to the group of valuable photo documents.

At a regular meeting held on May 13, 1905 the Head of the Committee A.B.Popov asked to give him 15-20 roubles to finish the archeological expedition. They understood the importance of the archeological investigations and came to the conclusion to provide them with money.

On September 9, 1909 Kastanye made a report “Archeological works in Aktobe in the summer of 1909”. He made a speech about some excavates of ancient monuments. Then he gave in a scull of a human being and different things made of copper and iron, which were found during the expeditions [7, p-308].

Later, in his work “Ancient monuments of the Kyrghyz steppe and the Orenburg region” the investigations conducted on the Kazakh land and the work of the researchers of this region was collected, and was published in 1910 in Orenburg. I.A.Kastanye in the introduction of his work clearly pointed out: "ancient monuments of Torgai, Ural, Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk regions, the Bokei Horde of the Astrakhan province were included in this work and also some parts of Syrdarya region after the order of 1868 and this work was written only till 1911 [8, p-1].

I.A.Kastanye, later, in the letter written to M. Shokai about his work he remembers: “living among you, having witnessed grief and hopes, I admired the Kyrgyz-Kazakhs, Bashkirs, Tatars, Uzbeks and other people. I dedicated the book “Antiquities of the Kirghiz steppe and the Orenburg region” and other my books to courageous Turkic and Mongolian tribes which take a special place in the history”, - expressed his opinion [9, p-9]. Further, studying I.A.Kastanye's help to the activity of the commission, we learn that, in 1911 the chairman assistant I.A.Kastanye having made the list of a paleontology department of a museum, made the catalog of medals and money of the museum [10, p-17].

If we look for the facts about the private life of I.A.Kastanye who studied the ancient history of the Kazakh steppes and devoted several articles, we find very little information. We may find some information about the author in the articles of the historian K. Esmagambetov.

I.A.Kastanye whom we know - the French scientist Joseph-Antoine Kastanye was born in 1875 in a small town Gayak, in France. In 1899 he moved to Russia, and lived for two years in the Caucasus [9, p-9]. He brought great benefit, having participated in the work of Orenburg Scientific Archive Commission.

At the regular meeting on October 10, 1912 the chairman of the commission A.V.Popov having read I.A.Kastanye's letter, reported that he was saying goodbye to the members of the archival commission. Connected with it, they sent a letter of thanks to I.A.Kastanye for his great work and benefits in the work of the Commission. In 1912 I.A.Kastanye moved to Turkistan. In Tashkent he joined the Turkistan society of fans of archeology, the next year he was a member of Turkistan department of the Russian imperial geographical society. One of the organizations made contribution in studying of the Kazakh history - Turkistan society of fans of archeology - was a scientific center which was engaged in collecting historic facts about Central Asia, the Southern Kazakhstan and Zhetisu region. I.A.Kastanye in the period of his staying in Tashkent published a set of the works, which had materials about historical monuments and ethnography of the Kazakh steppe. The scientist’s research regarding the Kazakh history can be found in the scientific articles of S.M.Gorshenina.

Thus, I.A.Kastanye's scientific investigations about Kazakhs valuable in the history of Kazakhstan.

References

1. 
   Report on the state of the Orenburg Scientific Archive Commission in 1903// Works of OSAC. – Orenburg: Typo-lithography of I.I.Evfimovsky – Mirovitsky, 1905. – Issue 14. – p. 220.
   
2. 
   Orenburg Regional State Museum of the Russian Federation (OrRSM). 96-., 1-., 51-, 55-.
   
3. 
   (OrRSM). 96-., 1-., 51-, 59-.
   
4. 
   Kastanye I.A. Report on an expedition to Aktobe county summer 1904// Works of OSAC. – Orenburg: Typo-lithography of I.I.Evfimovsky – Mirovitsky, 1905. – Issue 14. – p. 220.
   
5. 
   Kastanye I.A. Report on trip to Turkistan// Works of OSAC. – Orenburg: Steam typo-lithography of PH.G.Karimov, 1906. - Issue 16. – p. 296.
   
6. 
   Report on the state of the Orenburg Scientific Archive Commission for 1905// Works of OSAC. – Orenburg: Steam typo-lithography of PH.G.Karimov, 1906. - Issue 16. – p. 296.
   
7. 
   Report on the state of the Orenburg Scientific Archive Commission. Compiled by the Governor of Affairs P.A.Neznyamov for 1909// Works of OSAC. – Orenburg: Typo-lithography “Karimov, Khusainov & Co”, 1911. - Issue 23. – p. 329.
   
8. 
   Kastanye I.A. Ancient monuments of the Kyrghyz steppe and the Orenburg region// Works of OSAC. – Orenburg: Typo-lithography Partnership “Karimov, Khusainov & Co”, 1910. - Issue 22. – p.321.
   
9. 
   Esmaganbetov K., Isakhan G. The Frenchman who was born in the town of Gayak and wandered about the Kazakh steppes// Egemen Kazakstan, January 26, 2005.
   
10. 
    The report on structure and activity for 1911. Compiled by the ruler of the Commission I.S.Shukshintsev // Works of OSAC. – Orenburg: Printing house Karimov, Khusainov & Co, 1913. - Issue 29. – p. 239.
    
11. 
    Gorshenina S.M. Central Asia in the work of Joseph-Antoine Kastanye. – Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Париж, 7.03.1997)
    

UDC 903.53(574.1)

In the 20^th - 40^th of XIX century The Russian Empire sent trade and diplomatic embassies, organized by tens of military and scientific expeditions. One of such kind of expedition was organized to Buhara in 1820-1821 by leading of A. F. Negry. Though the main aim of embassy was to pay attention to trade and commercial parts, in addition to this, it was to pay attention to natural resources, to the political state in Central Asia, to their governors although it had been given the task to determine their attitude with Buhara, Afghanistan, Iran and Osman Empire [1]. It had been included specialist of nature and geography E.A. Eversman, captain of General Staff E.K. Meiendorf, Lieutenant V.D. Volhovsky to Negry’s embassy. With these staff E.K. Meiendorf and E.A. Eversman gave a lot of interesting facts about roving Kazakhs from Orenburg till Buhara.

E.K. Meiendorf (1796-1865), in his notebook, wrote about Kazakhs’ customs and traditions, about their everyday life, food and its methods of cooking, he also described ways of hunting to saigak and wild boar, about barymta, (barymta author: seizing cattle among turk people. Way of the vengeance for the offence or as the recompense to the caused damage), about women, about Russian captives’ state in Kazakh villages, wrote about management in Kazakh steppe. “ … Often at night, sitting on the stone they look to the moon and sing sad songs. It was described the past of the Kazakhs, historic and legendary national heroes on these songs… ”, Russian traveler said [2, p. 193]. He opened general contents of lyrical Kazakh songs. Also he was one of among Russian researchers who confirmed that Kazakhs and Kirghizes mustn’t be called with one name; he said that they are different.

The great numbers of rich ethnographic materials are retained in his third book. In the chapter “Travel from Orenburg to Buhara” he gave some interesting ethnographic facts about ways of hunting to saigak and about the everyday life of Aryngazy sultan’s village [2]. We can see a lot of ethnographic facts and materials in Eversman’s diary, published in German, who took part in this expedition as a member of Russian geographic society [3].

Difficult achievements of Russian geographic society in researching Kazakh nation was linked with the name of one of founders of Russian geographic society A. I. Levshin (1799-1879). His first manuscripts about Kazakh is “Way notes”, “Meeting with khan of kirghiz-kaisak orda” were published in 1820 [4, p. 551]. There were described ways of servicing guests and hospitality, types of old kazakh songs, about their definitions. In 1823-1824 it was published his book “Some facts about ancient town Saraishyk” [4, p. 556] and in 1825 it was published his article with title “about education in kirghiz-kaisak: fragments from descriptions of Kazakh ordas” [4, p. 557].

He was published with important article “Names of Kirghiz-kazakh and its differences from usual and savage kirghizes” [4, p. 558]. At this article he described real name of Kazakh and usage of name of kirghiz instead of Kazakh. He also underlined that usage of name kirghiz instead of Kazakh would be groundless after. He was also agree with E.K. Meiendorf with this facts.

The third part of his fundamental research “Description of Kirghiz-kaisak or kirghiz-kazakh’s ordas and steppes” was regarded to the Kazakh ethnography [4]. The ethnographic part of monograph contains of 32 chapters, it was caused main and important ethnographic goals.

Among the other scientists who had been researched ethnography of Kazakhs of The Little Zhus was G.G. fon-Hens. He had great deal of merit. Though Hens’s profession was military engineer, at first years of his work in Kazakh steppes, he conducted works concerning to natural and mineral resources. Therefore, he had made many archival manuscripts about history, ethnography, linguistic, folklore and economy of the Kazakhs. We can name work “Origin of the Kazakhs and its derivation” among them. In this work the author paid attention to the kazakh’s terminology used in some ethnographic fables, he explained rus of the little zhus, and their inhabited locality [5].

Even with this kind of prosperity there were not enough and were not rich collection of materials concerning to history of 20^th - 40^th of XIX century. They were only interested in rus and tribes structures, their locality and everyday life. Culture and art were not enough discussed.

Russian researchers of the second part of XIX century dedicated their works to the problems of mode of life, traditions and traditional rights in The Litlle Zhuz. Among these researchers was Russian office L.Meier, on his work named “Orenburg department of Kirghiz steppe” he gave some information about population of the little zhus, derivations of the little zhuz, and about their locality, amount of rus, motto, stock breeding, hunting and agriculture [6].

The head of Orenburg department of Russian geographic society L.F. Balluzek on his work “Traditional customs which have had the power of the law in small kirghiz orda” contained collections of materials concerning court affair, civil and criminal rights [7]. The work was succeed in collectors of those materials were Kazkh aristocrats. Thus, Kazakh sultans describing traditional rights were not always objective.

Russian sciences were also interested in problems of Kazakh ethno-genetic. But they couldn’t reveal its whole definition. Only some of its aspects were added. Among of the authors who had researched kazakhs’ ethno-genetic was ethnographer A.N. Haruzin. He was famous with his works devoted to ethnography and anthropology of Bokei Orda. Concerning to the materials of M.H. Dulaty, which were translated by Veliyminov-Zernov, he was mistaken thinking that the Kazakh, as political union, was founded only in the middle of XV century. [5, p. 42].

Making conclusion, from collected and analyzed materials, written research works, outlines and monographs, a lot of expeditions and researches there were given large volume to the researching the little zhus Kazakhs in the ethnographic position by Russian researchers. Russian and world history with the helping of E.K. Meiendorf, A.I. Levshin, L.F. Balluzek and another scientist would have extensive and real materials about the Kazakh. Using and discussing about it would be large achievement nowadays.
References

1. Akhmetova U.T. The formation and the activity of the Orenburg scientific archival commission (1887-1918): The thesis is submitted to confer the academic degree the Doctor of History. – Uralsk, 2010, p. 47

2. Meiendorf E. K. Ethnography of the Kazakhs in the notes of travelers in the beginning of XIX century. The 2^nd supplemented edition, volume 49. - Astana “Altyn kytap”, 2007, p. 246

3. Vasiliev A. Travel of doctor Eversman to Buhara. / Works of Orenburg scientific archival commission. – Orenburg, 1905, edition 14, p. 200-210

4. Levshin A.I. Description of kirghiz-kazakh or Kirgiz kaisak steppes and ordas (under general editing of academic M.K.ozybaev). - Almaty, “Sanat”, 1996 p. 656

5. Kamieva G.B. From the researching history of the Kazakh ethnography (XVIII-XIX centuries): Educational supply. – Аktau, 2010, p. 75

7. Balluzek L.F. Traditional customs which have had the power of the law in small kirghiz orda. P. 45-168 / Notes of Orenburg department of Russian, imperial geographic society. The 2^nd edition 1871 – Kazan university press, 1872, p. 289

UDC 94:321 (05/11)

The topic of commercial relationships of the Orenburg city with Kazakhs and Central Asian states was one of A.V. Popov’s scientific interests. The scholar studied and published pertinent works of his predecessors. Thus, in Popov’s Works of Orenburg Scientific Archive Commission the V.V. Grigorjev’s “Description of the Khiva Khanate and the Way to It from Saraishik Fortress” had been published [3, PP.183-193]. In the mentioned work the Chairman of Orenburg Scientific Archive Commission draws attention to description of the trade routes from Russia to Khiva. Two of them start from Orenburg through Kazakh steppes and Karakalpaks nomadising areas, the third way lies from the Mangishlak harbor of Sartash between the Caspian and Aral seas and the fourth way under the name of “the Old Nogai Road” starting from Saraichik passes beyond the Gurjev city [3, PP.183-185]. In works of local historians other works of V.V.Grigorjev where the scientist analyzes commercial relationships with the Junior Juz Kazakhs have been mentioned. They are “Orenburg Kirgizs: their honesty and trading skills” and “Historical news about Kirgiz-Kaisaks and relations of Russia with Central Asia since Abul-khair Khan’s death with the map made based on the survey of Orenburg archive documents”. The last work was published for the first time in “Orenburgskie gubernskie vedomosti” in 1853. [4, PP.12-13, 16-19].

The information about the opening of another season of the exchange yard emerged in city newspapers. “Turgaiskaya gazeta” says that since June 1, 1896 “Orenburg Exchange Yard has been open for trade and a large number of Kirgizs have assembled and settled near it. And inside of it stores with all possible commodities have opened and started commodity exchange with Kirgizs [8, P.4]. Undoubtedly, the topic of trade relations of Orenburg with Kazakhs has been actual for Russian scientific societies’ members. The analysis of the material has been published in the form of articles, messages, reports, features in periodicals of scientific societies, newspapers and has been published in separate prints in the form of brochures and books.