What are the scientific contributions made by the following organic chemists? Tell

Friedrich Wöhler
(1800 – 1882)
Friedrich August Kekulé
(1829 – 1896)
Alexander Mikhaylovich
Butlerov
(1828 – 1886)
 4. Look at the picture and comment on it from the point of view of chemistry. Say what
classes these organic compounds belong to.
 5. Read the text and choose the correct word from each line to fill in the gaps.
THREE ACCIDENTAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY DISCOVERIES
48

Some of the most important discoveries in organic chemistry were 1_____ accidental.
Here are three of those accidental discoveries.
Penicillin
Perhaps the most famous accidental discovery is
penicillin. On September 3rd, 1928, Alexander Fleming
2_____ from a family vacation to his lab. Before leaving he
had left his samples alone in the corner of his lab. Now, the
story you've probably heard is that Fleming left an orange or
a piece of bread next to his samples. The bread got 3_____
and
penicillin
was
discovered.
The truth is that Fleming was well known for leaving
his lab door open. In the same facility an allergist was
working with the mold, where it likely made its way into Fleming’s lab. In any case the
accidental discovery of this chemical 4_____ to one of history's most important antibiotics.
Saccharin
Saccharin is an artificial 5_____. You've probably
seen it in a pink package when you're out at a restaurant; it's
the main component of Sweet & Low. This chemical has
been highly criticized as a carcinogen or otherwise
dangerous chemical, but 6____ this has not been shown. 
Constantin Fahlberg 7_____ saccharin in 1878 while
working in the lab of Ira Remsen. While working on the
chemistry of coal tar derivatives Fahlberg took a dinner
break. Picking up and taking a bite of a roll he noticed that
the roll was much sweeter than it should have been. Fahlberg realized that the sweetness must
have come from his hands, which he hadn't washed since 8_____ in the lab. He dropped the
roll and returned to the lab, tasting each chemical in his lab to find out which chemical was
responsible for the 9_____. Fahlberg became very wealthy from his discovery, but Ira Remsen
and the university Fahlberg was working for saw none of the benefits of this accidental
discovery.
Mauveine
Mauveine was an early mauve dye 10_____ for clothing.
The discovery was made by William Henry Perkin in 1856. Perkin
started his research career at the young age of 15 studying malaria
in the lab of August Wilhelm von Hofmann. Perkin was 11_____ a
way to synthesize the molecule quinine, a rather expensive natural
product
known
to
fight
malaria.
Instead of 12_____ malaria, though, Perkin ended up changing
fashion forever. He discovered the reaction that transforms aniline
into mauveine, a molecule with an intense purple color. Just as
Fahlberg had hidden his saccharin discovery from his mentor,
Perkin experimented on mauveine in private in his own lab. When
he did patent his dye it made him rich.
Science can be messy. Sometimes the answer you get isn't the answer you were
13_____. Sometimes you get a result that leads to a discovery that is completely 14_____ to
what you were researching in the first place. That's why it's important to stay alert; you never
know where the next great discovery will come from.
49

1. A complete
B completely
C completed
2. A has returned
B had returned
C returned
3. A mold
B moldy
C moldiness
4. A led
B lead
C have led
5. A sweet
B sweeter
C sweetener
6. A scientifically
B science
C scientific
7. A discovering
B discovered
C had discovered
8. A to be
B been
C being
9. A sweeter
B sweetness
C sweet
10. A used
B using
C use
11. A looking at
B looking forward
C looking for
12. A cure
B curing
C cured
13. A expecting
B expected
C expect
14. A related
B relate
C unrelated

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