Английский язык: english for masters of chemistry
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION INTO CHEMISTRY
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- II. Read the text and find the answers to the questions above. TEXT A INTRODUCTION INTO CHEMISTRY
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UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION INTO CHEMISTRY I. Lead-in 1. What does chemistry study? 2. Where does the word chemistry come from? 3. What is the modern definition of chemistry? 4. What branches of chemistry do you know? II. Read the text and find the answers to the questions above. TEXT A INTRODUCTION INTO CHEMISTRY Chemistry is a branch of science that studies the composition and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes. Chemistry is far more than a collection of facts and a body of knowledge. It’s all about matter, which is anything that has mass and occupies space. Chemistry is sometimes called "the central science" because it bridges other natural sciences like physics, geology and biology with each other. The etymology of the word “chemistry” has been much disputed. The origin of chemistry can be traced to certain practices, known as alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world, particularly the Middle East. The word chemistry comes from the word alchemy, an earlier set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism and medicine; it is commonly thought of as the quest to turn lead or another common starting material into gold. Alchemy, which was practiced around 330, is the study of the composition of waters, movement, growth, embodying, disembodying, drawing the spirits from bodies and bonding the spirits within bodies (Zosimos). An alchemist was called a 'chemist' in popular speech, and later the suffix "-ry" was added to this to describe the art of the chemist as "chemistry". In retrospect, the definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. The term "chymistry", in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661, meant the subject of the material principles of mixed 4 bodies. In 1663, "chymistry" meant a scientific art, by which one learns to dissolve bodies, and draw from them the different substances on their composition, and how to unite them again, and exalt them to a higher perfection - this definition was used by chemist Christopher Glaser. The 1730 definition of the word "chemistry", as used by Georg Ernst Stahl, meant the art of resolving mixed, compound, or aggregate bodies into their principles; and of composing such bodies from those principles. In 1837, Jean-Baptiste Dumas considered the word "chemistry" to refer to the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces. This definition further evolved until, in 1947, it came to mean the science of substances: their structure, their properties, and the reactions that change them into other substances - a characterization accepted by Linus Pauling. More recently, in 1998, the definition of "chemistry" was broadened to mean the study of matter and the changes it undergoes, as phrased by Professor Raymond Chang. Chemistry as a science was formed by the end of the 18-th century by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier who is considered the "Father of Modern Chemistry". The general field of chemistry is so huge that it was originally subdivided into a number of major sub-disciplines. But there’s now a tremendous amount of overlap between the different areas of chemistry, just as there is among the various sciences. Here are the traditional branches of chemistry: жүктеу/скачать 4.51 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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