Amines are derivatives of ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogens has been
replaced by an alkyl or aryl group.
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which contain a carbonyl group - a
carbon-oxygen double bond.
The carboxyl functional group that characterizes the carboxylic acids is unusual in
that it is composed of two functional groups: (1) the carboxyl group and (2) of a hydroxyl
group bonded to a carbonyl group. It is often written in condensed form as –CO
2
H or –
COOH.
Esters are known for their distinctive odors and are commonly used for food aroma
and fragrances. The general formula of an ester is RCOOR'.
Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds composed of amine (-
NH
2
) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each
amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen,
though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids.
Proteins are large biological molecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more
chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living
organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, replicating DNA, responding to stimuli,
and transporting molecules from one location to another.
Nucleic acids
are polymeric
macromolecules, or large biological molecules,
essential for all known forms of life. Nucleic acids,
which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and
RNA (ribonucleic acid), are made from monomers
known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three
components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group,
and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is deoxyribose,
the polymer is DNA. If the sugar is ribose, the
polymer is RNA.
Lipids are a large and diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds that are
related by their solubility in nonpolar organic solvents (e.g. ether, chloroform, acetone &
benzene) and general insolubility in water. There is great structural variety among the lipids,
as will be demonstrated in the following sections.
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