formation of the keto form. A classic example for favoring the keto form can be seen in the
equilibrium between vinyl alcohol and acetaldehyde (K = [enol]/ [keto] ≈ 3 × 10
−7
). However,
it is reported that in the case of vinyl alcohol, formation of a stabilized enol form can be
accomplished by controlling the water concentration in the system and utilizing the kinetic
favorability of the deuterium produced kinetic isotope effect (
k
H
+
/
k
D
+
= 4.75,
k
H2O
/
k
D2O
= 12).
Deuterium stabilization can be accomplished through hydrolysis of a ketene precursor in the
presence of a slight stoichiometric excess of heavy water (D
2
O).
Studies show that the
tautomerization process is significantly inhibited at ambient temperatures (
k
t
≈ 10
−6
M/s), and
the half life of the enol form can easily be increased to
t
1/2
= 42 minutes for first order
hydrolysis kinetics.
Mechanism. The acid catalyzed conversion of an enol to the keto form proceeds by a
two step mechanism in an aqueous acidic solution. For this, it is necessary that the alpha
carbon (the carbon closest to functional group) contains at least one hydrogen atom known as
alpha hydrogen.This atom is removed from the alpha carbon and bonds to the oxygen of the
carbonyl carbon to form the enol tautomer. The existence of hydrogen atom at alpha carbon is
necessary but not sufficient condition for enolization to occur. To be acidic, the alpha
hydrogen should be positioned such that may line up parallel with antibonding pi-orbital of
the carbonyl group. The hyperconjugation of this bond with C–H bond at alpha carbon
reduces the electron density out of C–H bond and weakens it. Thus the alpha hydrogen
becomes acidic. When this requirement is not enforced, for example in the adamantanone or
other polycyclic ketones, the enolization is impossible or very slow.
First, the exposed electrons of the C=C double bond of the enol are donated to a
hydronium ion (H
3
O
+
). This addition follows Markovnikov's rule, thus the proton is added to
the carbon with more hydrogens. This is a concerted step with the oxygen in the hydroxyl
group donating electrons to produce the eventual carbonyl group.
One of the early investigators into keto–enol tautomerism was Emil Erlenmeyer. His
Erlenmeyer rule, developed in 1880, states that all alcohols in which the hydroxyl group is
attached directly to a double-bonded carbon atom become aldehydes or ketones. This
conversion occurs because the keto form is,
in general, more stable than its enol tautomer. The
keto form is therefore favored at equilibrium because it is the lower energy form.
Keto–enol tautomerism is important in several areas of biochemistry. The high
phosphate-transfer potential of phosphoenolpyruvate results
from the fact that the
phosphorylated compound is "trapped" in the less stable enol form, whereas after
dephosphorylation it can assume the keto form. Rare enol tautomers of the bases guanine and
thymine can lead to mutation because of their altered base-pairing properties.
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