TEXT 6
CELL PHONE CHEMISTRY
A typical cell phone contains some of the most valuable elements on Earth. With
everything from gold to silver, it’s like having a little treasure chest in your pocket. A smart
phone is packed with at least 40 elements.
BATTERY. When you turn on your phone, positively
charged lithium ions move
through a lithium-salt solution that conducts electricity. Electrons flow out of the battery,
producing the electric current that powers your phone. The rechargeable battery’s casing is
made of aluminum.
CIRCUITRY. The circuit board has gold, copper, and silver—good
electrical
conductors. The connectors (pins that join circuits to the circuit board) are coated in gold
because it’s highly resistant to corrosion. The wiring is copper. Solder—an alloy of tin, silver,
and copper—binds parts of the circuit board.
COMPUTER CHIP. The chip is the phone’s brain. It has many transistors made of
antimony, phosphorus, and gallium arsenide (GaAs). Transistors act as paths and switches that
tell the phone to follow or stop following commands. The chip is embedded with silicon—
which has low conductivity—to channel electricity only through the conductive transistors.
TOUCH SCREEN. A thin layer of indium tin oxide—a mixture of indium oxide
(In
2
O
3
) and tin oxide (SnO
2
)—conducts electricity. When you touch the screen, a change in
the electrical field occurs and communicates your finger’s location to the phone’s chip.
GLASS. Smartphone screens contain aluminosilicate glass, made from the compounds
alumina (Al
2
O
3
) and silica (SiO
2
). If you’ve ever dropped your phone and its screen has
stayed intact, you can thank potassium ions (atoms that have gained or lost electrons). They
help strengthen the glass.
DISPLAY. A cell phone’s display contains several rare earth elements. These elements
are spread out widely in Earth’s crust, making them hard to mine. Small quantities of yttrium,
europium, and dysprosium help produce the colors on the phone’s
liquid crystal display
(LCD) screen. Gadolinium, lanthanum, and terbium give the screen its glow.
MICROPHONE AND SPEAKERS. The microphone’s wafer-thin diaphragm, which
vibrates when sound waves strike it, is made of nickel. The vibrations are converted into an
electrical current that becomes the audio signal.
Magnets vibrate in the speaker to create audible sound. Magnets of neodymium
(Nd
2
Fe
14
B) are used because they’re the strongest magnets, so even though they’re small,
they’re powerful.
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