Тяжелые металлы в окружающей среде
жүктеу/скачать 6.49 Mb. Pdf көрінісі
|
| MATERIALS AND METODS
All methods of research are based on the well-known technique of determining the phenological phases in plants, assessment the impact of heavy metals on set of chromosomes and plantsʹ cytogenetic activity provided by N. Beydman. Для анализа соматических хромосом на стадии метафазы и хромосомных нарушений использовали клетки меристем корневых прростков растения заячий ячмень (Hordeum lepo- rinum). Предварительно семена растения проращивали в чашках Петри на влажной фильтро- вальной бумаге в термостате при температуре 25-28 °С в течение12 часов до достижения проростков 10-15 см. Для накопления митозов на стадии метафазы использовали 0,01%- водный раствор колхицина.Проростки выдерживали в растворе колхицина в течение 3-х час при температуре 3-5°С, фиксацию проводили по Карнуа 3 раза при темьпературе 3-5°С в течение 12 часов. После мацерации ткани проростков с использованием фермента цитазы готовили цитологические препараты для хромосомного анализа и окрашивали препараты раствором сернокислого фуксина в течение 43 минут. Цитогенетические препараты анализировали под микроскопом LMB-2013, Viena, Austria. The following plants were observed: ash-leaved maple (Acer nequndo), black poplar (Populus nigra), elm (Ulmus pumila), white acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), Babylon willow (Salix babiloni- ca), rabbit barley (Hordeum leporinum ), lancet-leaved plantain (Plantaqo lanceolata), meadow call (Роа protensis) plants. These plants are widespread in Shymkent, South Kazakhstan region. Four different locations were selected to conduct this research in the area of Shymkent: The 1 st place is an industrial area of the ―Yujpolimetall‖ territory; The 2 nd place is an industrial city at a distance of 3 km to the east towards ―Chemical- pharmaceutical‖ area. The 3 rd place is a territory of the ―Central Park‖; The 4 th place is the ―East‖ micro area. All observations on the development and formation of buds were provided more than every 3 days; the result is available in table 1. During the experiment it has been compared vegetative phases in plants, flowering, buds opening and fruit ripening on intensely contaminated soils with clean zones. It has been proved that all of these processess bacome a few days later in experimental samples that in normal ones. On the other hand the process of withering and yellowing of leaves starts earlier in experimental plants. Particularly the process of buds opeping of black poplar began 12 days later than normal. Similarly buds opening of bran started 10 days later, the process of sprouting was slowed down approximately more than 11 days and fruit ripening began 13 days later. The end of the vegetative phase (yellowing leaves) of black poplar began 5 days earlier. Changes in the industrial areas of the ash-leaved maple in the vegetative stage of the season: - The 1 st place was compared with the control. It has been determined the buds opening started 4 days later, bran straight 4 days, flowering 7 days, fruit strights 10 days later. The end of the vegetation period began 7 days earlier. The 2 nd place was also compared with the control. Buds opening started 3 days later, the flowering - 5 days later and fruit ripening commenced 7 days later. The end of vegetative period started 5 days earlier. Observing the plants which were grown up in the 3 rd place it has been shown that the flowering period is shorter 4 days than the normal one, fruits started to build up 5 days later, but the end of vegetative period ended 4 earlier. На 4 участке процесс почкообразования задерживается на - 1день, цветения-2 дня, плодоношения на- 3дня. 4-research place bud‘s and brain‘s straight phase 1 day, the flowers - 2 days, to build the fruit –later 3 days, and the leaves began yellowing 2 days earlier. Large differ- ences between phenophase in Babylon willow - in the different phases varied from 2 to 7 days. Elm and white acaciaʹ phenophase deviations in the various phases of the period are equal to 2-8 days. A large amount of grass phenophase fluctuations was observed in rabbits, barley and meadow blue- grass. Also it has been reported that the grassy plants such as barley and wheatgrass had changes in phenophases. So, the beginning of vegetative phase i.e. the sprouting stage in the 1 st place began 5 days later, the development of the spikelets – 4 days, the flowering – 5 days, the process of fruit formation – 4 days, but the yellowing started 8 days earlier. One of the main organisms of the research is a rabbit barley (Hordeum leporinum). In order to determine the cytogenetic activity of heavy metal ions the wild populations of this plant were complex assessed. Grain family has an ability to grow in presence of large a concentration of heavy metals and resist to the effects of industrial gases. It has been studied that the seeds of plants from the 1 st research place are characterized by different cytogenetic abnormalities (Tabl. 2). Cytogenetic research was provided on the plants cells during metaphase in presence of colchicine. As a result of the research here is a karyotype of Hordeum leporinum which is equal to 2n= 42. |