Past Simple утвердит предлож. V2 = Past form вопросит предлож

предложение.

Ex. 3

Join the sentences using participles where possible.

1. 
   The texts are corrected. They are on the table.
   
2. 
   Some questions are worth careful consideration. These questions were touched upon in the report.
   
3. 
   The woman opened the door for me. She looked very familiar.
   
4. 
   The man was waiting for you. He has just gone.
   

1. Обстоятельство - отвечает на вопросы

/ когда?, почему?, как?

/

/ 2. Инверсия – Continuous или Passive Voice

\

\ 3. Вводный член предложения – (R.) перевод

3. 
   Обстоятельство. 2.1. Reading this book I found out many interesting things.
   

2.2. Considering from this point, he could go to the

conference.

(При рассмотрении с этой точки зрения…)

2.3. Having made the measurements they then processed the data.

(Проведя измерения)

2.4. Inducing high radiation the substance should be used

with care. (поскольку вещество обладает…)

2.5. Having thus finished his talk the speaker waited for

comments. (Закончив таким образом…)

Join the sentences using participles.

1. 
   They arrived two days before the opening of the conference. This is why they had enough time to go sightseeing.
   
2. 
   I did not do the work in time. I had to apologize to them.
   
3. 
   She was absent. I did not know why and decided to ring her up.
   
4. 
   I thought that he could be interested in this subject. That is why I advised him to read the book.
   

a) given – (R.) если дано, если имеется, если;

b) granted – (R.) если допустить;

с) seen – (R.) если рассматривать;

d) stated – (R.) если сформулировать.
Ex. 5

Translate the sentences

1. 
   Given its angular diameter, the linear diameter of the Sun…
   
2. 
   Given the weight and the specific gravity of a body, you can calculate its volume.
   
3. 
   Seen in this context, the ranges of applicability and reliability of the method may be assessed.
   
4. 
   Stated in a simple form the hypothesis runs as follows.
   
5. 
   In our immediate vicinity are other worlds in which life, as we know it, would have the greatest difficulty of survival, even granted it might at one time have originated there.
   

whenever – всякий раз, когда

when doing – делая ч-л

when done – когда ч-л сделано

unless done – если не сделать

unless otherwise stated/ indicated… - за исключением того случая,

который оговорен особо

though – хотя

even though – даже если

when exposed to light/ radiation… - под действием света/ радиации

as opposed/ as contrasted – в противоположность

Ex. 6

1. 
   When calculating the weight of a body we have to multiply its specific gravity by its volume.
   
2. 
   When falling the more massive bodies have more inertia to overcome.
   
3. 
   If presented by arrows the forces can be easily computed.
   
4. 
   Once started the plate current is no longer affected by the grid voltage.
   
5. 
   Metals do not melt until heated to a definite temperature.
   
6. 
   Except where otherwise indicated, we take an ideal gas.
   
7. 
   Unless otherwise specified, the condition is as follows.
   
8. 
   For the voltage considered, the experiments support the conclusions and model of Dowson and Winn as opposed to the model of Wright.
   

1. 
   Инверсия - Participles I, II являются частью сказуемого.
   

(e.g.) 1. Sitting on the sofa was a little girl. (На диване сидела… -

Present Cont.)

2. Attached to the upper end is a disc. (К верхнему концу прикреплен диск.- Passive Voice)

Ex. 7

Translate the sentences.

2. Hanging from this stick are several little pendulums.

3. Inserted in the circuit thus created is an instrument called a galvanometer.

4. Included in this table are currents calculated on the supposition that the entire effect is due to ionization by collision of negative ions only.

5. Allied to the conception of the atom is the idea of atomic weights.

2. 
   Причастный оборот в функции вводного члена предложения всегда выделяется запятой.
   

(e.g.) 1. Turning to the main laws of mechanics, the first law of Newton states

that… (Если обратиться к…, то следует сказать что…)

2. Roughly speaking, collisions hardly alter electrons’ energies.

(Грубо говоря,…)
NB! Запомните:

as emphasized above – как подчеркивалось выше

as already mentioned – как уже упоминалось

as pointed out previously – как указывалось ранее

as stated earlier – как установлено ранее

roughly speaking – грубо говоря

generally speaking – вообще говоря

strictly speaking – строго говоря

broadly considered – вообще, в широком смысле

put another way |

putting it another way |- иначе говоря, другими словами

Ex.8

1. 
   As mentioned previously sodium tarnishes (тускнеет) when exposed to air.
   
2. 
   As emphasized above these elements are strongly radioactive.
   
3. 
   As pointed out in the previous chapter astronomers are by no means of one mind as to this phenomenon.
   
4. 
   The quantum of energy is largest, generally speaking, when it refers to light particles.
   
5. 
   Turning to propagation, the most notable difference between light and radiowaves so far utilized is the ability of radiowaves to penetrate clouds.
   

Ex.9

1. 
   Turning now to X-ray spectra, it has been already noticed that the lines of these series cannot be excited separately.
   
2. 
   Surrounding this nucleus are electrons, the total number of which depends upon the atom considered.
   
3. 
   Included in the first part will be experiments related to mixed crystals.
   
4. 
   Applied to gases, this law may for the present purpose be stated in the simple form.
   
5. 
   Given this value the velocity of a body can easily be computed.
   
6. 
   Following these displacement laws, the location of any radioactive element in the Periodic Table can be found.
   
7. 
   Passing next to the case of helium, it has been observed that the nucleus contains both protons and electrons.
   

↓ ↓

1. существительное/ местоимение независимой причастной конструкции переводится

- (R.) подлежащим придаточного предложения ,

причастие независимой причастной конструкции

- (R.) сказуемым придаточного предложения.

2. Независимая причастная конструкция всегда отделяется запятыми.

3. Эта конструкция может начинаться с предлогa with – (R.) если, так как, а.

e.g.

1. 
   My colleague being away, I had to take the decision myself. (Так как мой коллега отсутствовал,…)
   
2. 
   Weather permitting, the astronomer will proceed with his observation. (Если позволит погода,…)
   
3. 
   The signal given, the rocket starts immediately. (Когда дается/ как только дается сигнал,…)
   
4. 
   The sky having cleared, the astronomer proceeded with his observation. (Так как/после того как небо прояснилось,…)
   
5. 
   We could not enter, there being many people in the conference hall. (…, так как в зале было много народу)
   
6. 
   The sodium atom has eleven electrons, the eleventh one occupying a position outside of the the second shell. (…, причем одиннадцатый занимает положение…)
   
7. 
   We continued our work, with our laboratory assistants helping us. (…, а наши лаборанты нам помогали)
   
8. 
   Other conditions being equal, the acceleration remains constant. (При прочих…)
   

Ex. 10

1. 
   Silver is very expensive. We only rarely use it as a conductor.
   
2. 
   Radioactivity was discovered. We made great progress in atomic physics.
   
3. 
   Hydrogen consists of molecules. Each molecule is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms.
   
4. 
   The speed of light is extremely great. We cannot measure it by ordinary methods.
   
5. 
   Water is denser than air. Rays are refracted towards the perpendicular.
   
6. 
   The electricity is carried exclusively by the electrons. The atomic nuclei remain stationary.
   
7. 
   It is frequently said that the atom is a sort of miniature solar system. Its electrons orbit about the nucleus as planets orbit around the Sun. (use “with”)
   

Ex.11

1. 
   The square of any number being positive, the square root of a negative number is imaginary.
   
2. 
   Acids react with oxides of all metals, a salt and water being formed.
   
3. 
   Other liquids being too light, a barometer uses mercury.
   
4. 
   Other things being equal, the efficiency is less in irreversible cyclic processes.
   
5. 
   As the wavelength of such waves decreases they become more penetrating, gamma-rays being able to travel through as much as one foot in iron.
   
6. 
   The atoms break up in a perfectly ordered fashion, independent of imposed conditions so far as is known, each atom yielding a new atom, with the emission of the energy difference between the new state and the old.
   
7. 
   The radioactive sulphur may be added to sulphite and then removed, the resulting sulphite containing little or no radioactive sulphur.
   
8. 
   Other things being equal, we should expect lines from elements in relatively large amounts to be the more prominent.
   
9. 
   There being no atmosphere, the lunar surface is exposed to direct sunlight.
   
10. 
    The Moon is mainly responsible for the tides on the Earth, with the Sun also assisting simply by its direct attraction of the water.
    
11. 
    The electric field between the plates being altered, particles of a different velocity may be selected for study.
    

1. 
   The acceleration of a body is proportional to the force causing it.
   
2. 
   Having obtained the necessary compound we can now proceed with our experiment.
   
3. 
   Rutherford’s research work followed by many experiments of other scientists made a great contribution into physics.
   
4. 
   This relative density of a gas is equal to the molecular weight of the gas (usually hydrogen) being used as the standard.
   
5. 
   The pressure just calculated is the surface pressure.
   
6. 
   The resistance drops when exposed to light.
   
7. 
   Unless otherwise stated we shall consider only solutions in liquids.
   
8. 
   The positron or positive electron was discovered in 1932 by Anderson while working with cosmic rays.
   
9. 
   While isolating and separating radium, Mme Curie found other radioactive elements.
   
10. 
    A base is coated with a layer of iodine followed by a layer of copper.
    
11. 
    Every body continues in its state of rest, or motion in a straight line with constant velocity, unless acted upon by some external force.
    
12. 
    The application of these corrections, followed by rounding off, gives the final value in Table II.
    
13. 
    The angle of incidence of the electron beam on the crystal being fixed, the accelerating potential was varied gradually.
    
14. 
    As stated before, the greater the binding energy, the more stable the nucleus.
    
15. 
    Only the uranium series is shown, it being typical of the rest.
    
16. 
    With further heating the waves are still shorter and colour advances along the spectrum, with yellow, then blue waves, being emitted.
    
17. 
    There being a close packing of molecules in a liquid, the molecular encounters occur much more frequently than in a gas under the same conditions.
    
18. 
    It is a matter of common observation that light is refracted when passing from one medium into another.
    
19. 
    Figure 1 represents a filament inside a metal cylinder, the combination enclosed in a glass bulb.
    
20. 
    The part played by the electron is that of the elementary corpuscle of negative electricity.
    
21. 
    The first step towards intimate understanding of a chemical reaction is to determine the formulae of the compounds involved.
    
22. 
    From the northern station Venus is seen projected upon the Sun’s surface.
    
23. 
    There exist various kinds of light, each corresponding to some definite “colour”.
    
24. 
    Going around the Earth once every 29 days is our Moon at a distance of 24,000 miles.
    
25. 
    Associated with the existence of positive and negative ions is a strong absorption coefficient in the infrared.
    
26. 
    Concealed in the foregoing figures are some very important facts, which I shall point out.
    
27. 
    Taken together, these effects, occurring as they do in rapid succession, provide a simple interpretation of the production of showers.
    
28. 
    Passing from one chemical element to the next, one would find the nuclear charge increasing by one, the number of electrons revolving also growing by one.
    

1. с притяжательным 1. His singing was nice.

падежом My brother’s playing the guitar annoyed me.
2. с предлогами 2. She is fond of skating.

We cannot go on without checking the results.

He insisted on our leaving Moscow.
Before staring this part of Unit 7, revise Unit 4.

1. 
   П
   NB! Запомните: Gerund стоит в начале предложения – (R.) переводится
   
   существительным.

   (сравните с употреблением причастия в начале предложения, Unit 6 )

   
   одлежащее.
   

.

e.g.

1. 
   Falling is a case of motion at constant acceleration. (Падение… )
   
2. 
   Measuring resistance is necessary in many experiments. (Измерение…)
   
3. 
   Heating copper wire increases its resistance. (Нагревание…)
   

2. 
   Прямое дополнение.
   

to prevent – предотвращать

to resist – сопротивляться

to withstand – противостоять

smb. cannot help – не может не

it is worth |

it is worth-while | – стоит (что-либо сделать)

it is no good |

it is no use | - не стоит, бесполезно, нет смысла
ex. 1

Translate the sentences.

1. 
   There is no more point worth mentioning.
   
2. 
   It is no use searching for another approach.
   
3. 
   It is no good arguing about the issue.
   
4. 
   We cannot help acknowledging the importance of this statement.
   
5. 
   Would you mind answering one more question.
   
6. 
   It seems to me the case is not worth mentioning.
   
7. 
   Avoid mixing these two substances.
   
8. 
   I can’t help regretting it.
   
9. 
   A phosphorescent material is able to continue glowing in the dark.
   
10. 
    Hardness is the ability to withstand being dented or stretched.
    
11. 
    The ability of a solid to resist being altered in shape is termed rigidity.
    

3. 
   Предложное дополнение.
   

to aim at – ставить целью

to be capable of – быть способным

to credit smb with – приписывать (кому-либо что-либо)

to depend on/ upon – зависеть от

to differ in – различаться (по каким-либо свойствам)

to insist on/upon – настаивать на чем-либо

to be interested in – интересоваться чем-либо

to keep from |

to prevent from | - мешать, препятствовать

to object to – возражать против чего-либо

to rely on/ upon – полагаться на что-либо

to be responsible for – являться причиной чего-либо

to result from – проистекать из ч-л

to result in – приводить к чему-либо

to succeed in – удаваться, добиваться

to think of – представлять себе, думать о

to give up – заканчивать

to go on – продолжать
ex. 2

Translate the sentences.

1. 
   The use of catalysts accounts for accelerating reactions.
   
2. 
   I think of trying another approach.
   
3. 
   The droplets are capable of being photographed.
   
4. 
   He succeeded in obtaining reliable results.
   
5. 
   The book aims at acquainting the reader with modern achievements in astrophysics.
   
6. 
   Calcium and sodium are alike in being very soft.
   
7. 
   Selenium and tellurium resemble sulphur in presenting a number of allotropic (аллотропический) forms.
   
8. 
   Archimedes is credited with applying huge lenses.
   
9. 
   The motor went on running.
   
10. 
    He had to give up experimenting.
    

4. 
   Обстоятельство
   

in doing smth – при, во время, в процессе

on/ upon doing smth – после завершения

by doing smth – путем, при помощи, посредством

through doing smth – путем, из-за, благодаря

without doing smth – без ч-л, не делая ч-л

ex. 3

Translate the sentences.

1. 
   A metal in reacting is often oxidized.
   
2. 
   In making observations extreme care to avoid errors is necessary.
   
3. 
   The expansive force of water in freezing is enormous.
   
4. 
   On standing for some weeks the uranium solution gradually regains its initial activity.
   
5. 
   Upon being heated to a high temperature many metallic compounds are decomposed.
   
6. 
   Phosphine (фосфин) is prepared by heating white phosphorus in a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide.
   
7. 
   Phosphorus burns in chlorine without being lighted and gives rise to a compound called phosphorus chloride.
   
8. 
   Most precipitates may be ignited without drying if proper precautions are taken.
   
9. 
   Metals cannot be dissolved without being changed into new substances.
   

5. 
   Определение
   

advantage of – преимущество

chance of – возможность

merit of – достоинство

necessity of – необходимость

possibility of – возможность

reason for – причина

way of – способ

Translate the sentences.

1. 
   The device has the merit of being suitable for many purposes.
   
2. 
   There is no necessity of making any corrections.
   
3. 
   Our purpose is to calculate the chance of the electron passing over this distance.
   
4. 
   The independent particle model has the advantage of possessing a high degree of physical visuality.
   
5. 
   The observed intensity of the radiation thus emitted depends on the probability of there being an electron in the upper level of the transition.
   
6. 
   There is some reason for questioning this assumption.
   
7. 
   We have no way of selecting particular enzymes that are likely to reveal effects of gene dosage.
   

6. 
   Gerund после выражений с предлогами.
   

apart from |

aside from | - помимо, кроме

in addition to – вдобавок

because of – из-за

in spite of |

despite | - несмотря на

due to – вследствие, благодаря

except (for) – за исключением

instead of – вместо

thanks to | - благодаря

with the object to |

with the view to | с целью

save – кроме
ex 5

Translate the sentences.

1. 
   The molecules of a polar substance because of their being reactive combine with one another.
   
2. 
   Combustion may be incomplete owing to insufficient oxygen being present.
   
3. 
   Thomson investigated the possibility of these cathode rays being charged particles.
   
4. 
   Mme Curie’s having discovered radium enabled her to isolate other radioactive elements.
   
5. 
   The inability of phosphorus atoms, because of their large radius, to establish triple bonds among themselves resulted in the phosphorus molecule having a very different structure from the nitrogen molecule.
   
6. 
   Besides being important for industry oxygen is also important for medicine.
   
7. 
   In addition to depending upon the acceleration, force also depends upon the mass of the object.
   
8. 
   Gamma-rays are not affected by magnetic or electric fields and are identical with X- rays, except in being more penetrating, thus being in fact ordinary light pulses of the shortest wavelength.
   
9. 
   Oxygen is an active element of the atmosphere, and in addition to being essential for combustion, the rusting of metals and the decay of organic matter.
   

Ex. 6

1. 
   The/ from/ the/ explosion/ being/ substance/ resulted/ volatile.
   
2. 
   Are/ high/ these/ in/ alike/ melting/ substances/ points/ having.
   
3. 
   Faraday/ in / education/ spite/ made/ not/ any/ having/of/ university/ great/ discoveries/ his.
   
4. 
   This/ the/ depends/ being/ atomic/ on/ these/ weights/ of/ substances/ equal.
   
5. 
   There/ probability/ is/ on/ atmosphere/ little/ of/ that/ being/ planet.
   
6. 
   Electric/ of/ low/ in/ in/ conductivity/ resulted/ rubber/ being/ cables/ its/ used.
   
7. 
   Man/ in/ in/ has/ recent/ controlling/ changes/ years/ succeeded/ chemical.
   
8. 
   Help/ joining/ he/ the/ could/ not / discussion.
   
9. 
   Would/ to/ showing/ you/ slides/ mind/ some/ my/ you.
   
10. 
    Author/ applied/ the/ a/ reports/ method/ having/ new.
    

Translate the sentences.

1. 
   So far only the quantum theory has succeeded in giving a satisfactory explanation.
   
2. 
   The alkali metals are remarkable in being so light that they float.
   
3. 
   We account for the incompleteness of a reaction by its being reversible.
   
4. 
   Einstein’s being awarded the Nobel prize in physics soon became widely known.
   
5. 
   Iron is covered with a thin layer of tin to prevent it from rusting, for tin does not rust on exposure to air.
   
6. 
   It is perhaps worth-while considering somewhat more carefully the attraction of a magnet to a piece of iron.
   
7. 
   To a large extent the skilled analyst’s productivity may be attributed to his having acquired, through many repetitions, the necessary technique.
   
8. 
   In order to calculate the motion of an electron, we must investigate the accompanying wave motion instead of using classical mechanics.
   
9. 
   Most actual crystals are imperfect, owing to being grown under conditions in which solid materials are somewhat impeded in reaching and being deposited on certain faces.
   
10. 
    The regular array of atoms in the lattice results in there being certain sets of parallel and equally spaced planes in the crystal which will contain large numbers of atoms.
    
11. 
    The explosion resulted from the substance being volatile.
    
12. 
    They objected to the data being published before all the experiments were completed.
    
13. 
    This inconsistency depends upon real gases being less compressible.
    
14. 
    In solving problems it is necessary to distinguish between fact and hypothesis.
    

Keys.

1. 
   The explosion resulted from the substance being volatile.
   
2. 
   These substances are alike in having high melting points.
   
3. 
   In spite of not having any university education, Faraday made his great discoveries.
   
4. 
   This depends on the atomic weights of these substances being equal.
   
5. 
   There is little probability of atmosphere being on that planet.
   
6. 
   Low electric conductivity of rubber resulted in its being used in cables.
   
7. 
   In recent years man has succeeded in controlling chemical changes.
   
8. 
   He could not help joining the discussion.
   
9. 
   Would you mind my showing some slides to you?
   
10. 
    The author reports having applied a new method.
    

Revise Units 6 and 7.

Translate the sentences.

1. 
   Introducing an “ideal” substance is a favourite device in theory, but it is sometimes dangerous.
   
2. 
   Using the terms just defined, the above examples of functional relations can be explained as follows.
   
3. 
   Studying experiments with ice one can show that pressure causes ice to melt.
   
4. 
   Bombarding atoms often results in unstable atoms that sometimes emit positrons and sometimes electrons.
   
5. 
   Substituting this value in our equation, we get the following formula.
   
6. 
   Being appointed Head of the Department, Dr.Blume resumed his work on atomic collisions.
   
7. 
   His colleagues living in London, Lous wrote to them about his discovery.
   
8. 
   Some of the problems not being solved, our group had difficulties in proceeding with the work.
   
9. 
   Reaction rate under given conditions is proportional to the concentration of the substance being transformed.
   
10. 
    The rapid rates at which gases diffuse constitute sufficient evidence to deny the possibility of their structure.
    
11. 
    An electron shown in the sketch as being in the outer ring of four has a fairy large probability of being just outside the nucleus and even closer to it than the two electrons of the inner ring.
    

Unit 8

1. 
   Вспомогательный глагол do (does/ did) в утвердительных и повелительных предложениях усиливает смысловой глагол - (R.) действительно, на самом деле
   

e.g.

2. Let us now consider what happens when forces do act on it. (… когда силы действительно действуют.)

Ex.1

Translate the sentences.

1. 
   This field does not affect the forward motion of the elections but does act upon the transverse motion.
   
2. 
   Copper does not combine with oxygen when cold, but it does do so slowly when heated.
   
3. 
   Most authorities agree that catalysts do in some manner combine with the substance or substances upon which their catalytic influence is exerted.
   
4. 
   These molecules are too small to be seen, even with the microscope, but strong experimental evidence seems to show that they do exist.
   
5. 
   The formation of ozone during the electrolysis of water does not change the weight of the gas collected at the positive pole but it does decrease the volume.
   
6. 
   Though some substances (e.g. sand) seem to be very nearly insoluble, water does dissolve most things to some extent.
   

2. 
   Inversion (обратный порядок слов) усиливает второстепенные члены предложения.
   

NB! Запомните: not only … but (also) – не только … но и

hardly … when |

scarcely … when |- едва … как

no sooner … than – как только

neither/ nor – и не, a также не

so – a также, и

nowhere – нигде

Ex.2

1. 
   Only upon the adsorption of larger amounts was the sensitivity again lowered.
   
2. 
   No sooner has the current started running in one direction than back it comes again.
   
3. 
   Perhaps never was the making of an important invension shared by so many persons distributed so widely over the world.
   
4. 
   One lever moves upwards, so does the other one.
   
5. 
   Carbon dioxide does not burn, nor does it support combustion.
   
6. 
   The ancients had no knowledge of stellar distances, neither was there then any means by which they could determine them.
   

3. 
   Эмфатические предложения со словами:
   

as/ however/ though (although) – как ни/ как бы ни/ какой бы … ни/ хотя//

whoever – кто бы ни/ всякий, кто//

whatever – что бы ни/ все, что/ какой бы ни/ всякий, который//

wherever – где бы … ни/ всюду, где/ куда бы … ни/ всюду, куда//

whenever – когда бы/ всякий раз, когда//

however that may be – как бы то ни было//
ex.3

Translate the sentences.

1. 
   Important as this question is in itself, the debate on the subject went beyond its original bounds.
   
2. 
   Strange as it may seem, sulphur dioxide may act as a reducing agent or as an oxidizing agent.
   
3. 
   Small though it is, the proportion of natural plutonium is apparently greater than it can be thus accounted for.
   
4. 
   Whatever these considerations may appear at first glance they are of great practical importance.
   
5. 
   Whoever the author may have been he should have dwelt on this problem.
   

4. 
   Эмфатические сочетания it is … that (who, which) – (R.) именно …;
   

Ex. 4

1. 
   It is these special properties of sound that are the subject of the present chapter.
   
2. 
   It was the Dutch physicist, Christian Huygens, who first offered an explanation for the phenomena.
   
3. 
   It was not until about 1911 that a first really successful theory of atomic structure was suggested by Rutherford.
   
4. 
   Radioactive phenomena occur within the nucleus, and it is here that mass and positive charge resides.
   
5. 
   A solenoid carrying a current behaves just like a magnet. It was the great French physicist Ampere who first showed this to be the case.
   

Revise Unit 8.

Translate the sentences.

1. 
   Positrons have only a short period of existence after their formation. It is for this reason that the positive electron proved so difficult to detect.
   
2. 
   Satisfactory as this theory may be in many aspects it is far from being probable.
   
3. 
   In short, it is practically impossible to design a machine so specialized that it will have value only with respect to the field of application originally intended. Nor is there any computer which is superior to any other computer with respect to any problem.
   
4. 
   It can only have been the close chemical similarity of zirconium and hafnium which prevented the isolation of the latter by chemical means at a much earlier date.
   

6. The value of this mass would not be affected by any systematic error common to all observations not even by such an error which varied uniformly with the time. Nor would small errors in the adopted elements of the sun have any effect upon the result.

7.Prominent among the confirmations of Einstein’s hypothesis is the work related to the “photoelectric effect”.

8. The “quant” theory, useful as it has proved itself does not yet possess the assured position of the atomic theory of matter.

9. Not until after the humanistic movement revived the study of Greek in Western Europe did Greek words begin to enter the English vocabulary in great quantity.

10. The values so estimated were not so high as we now know them to be, nor were they always accepted, but recognition of the polymeric nature of proteins is as old as the peptide theory.

11. Whatever the cause or causes, the symptoms are the following.

12. Not only are perfect crystals an unattainable ideal, but they would be completely useless for most research studies.

13. It was Thales who taught the Greek sailors to steer their ships by the Pole Star.

14. Thus it is known that birds do not keep direction by orientating themselves in the earth’s magnetic field, neither apparently, does memorizing the route play an essential part.