Разработка проекта по коммерциализации автоматизированной теплицы

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1.1 Greenhouse complexes. History of development 
 
The first mentioning of greenhouses dates back to the times of the French 
Empire. Peter de la Sud called the wealthy Flemish merchant who owned a garden 
near Leiden. That was the first attempt to grow strawberries in a greenhouse at the 
end of the 17th century. His experience was very successful. The French managed to 
create quite comfortable conditions for the plants. 
The technology used by Peter was successfully adopted by English 
manufacturers in the early 18th century, they managed to surpass the French gardener 
and grow even more berries, fruits and flowers in greenhouses. Glass greenhouses 
and conservatories began to gain popularity throughout Europe (Figure 1.1). 
Complex and beautiful greenhouses, winter gardens and greenhouses were built, 
equipped with heating, watering and lighting, so necessary for plant protection in 
winter [2]. 
Figure 1.1 – French greenhouses 
Strawberries became one of the most popular plants in English gardens. After 
applying more and more new cultivation technologies in greenhouses and 
conservatories, gardeners managed to cultivate more and more plants. Greenhouses 
and conservatories spread throughout Europe. English, French, Dutch gardeners 
became professionals in the industry, they were able to provide warmth in 
greenhouses as well as give fully qualified care to plants to obtain a rich harvest in 
the microclimate of greenhouses and winter gardens. 
The design and construction of greenhouses continued throughout northern 
Europe, but in the 19th century, England seized the initiative. Industrial and technical 
achievements of that time, combined with an extensive railway system, facilitated the 
transport of goods, namely iron and glass, which are necessary for greenhouses and 

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winter gardens as building materials. Wealthy collectors wanted to showcase their 
plant collections. This hobby became very prestigious and popular, which caused a 
surge in greenhouse construction. Patrons able to afford these new materials put into 
operation more and more greenhouses in their estates. 
In subsequent decades, the United States began to apply similar construction 
practices. As an emphasis on the status of the social elite, and just to entertain guests, 
greenhouses became a common addition to prestigious real estate. When building 
materials became cheaper and more affordable, and manufacturers were able to offer 
finished products manufactured in the factory, greenhouses became popular among a 
wide range of gardeners [2]. 
Numerous greenhouses began to appear all over the place since 1960, when 
plastic wrap became widely available. Such hotbeds were made from aluminum and 
galvanized steel profiles or even simply from PVC pipes, since the cost of such a 
construction was low. This led to the fact that greenhouses began to be built on small 
farms and garden plots. The strength of the polyethylene film increased over time, 
and in 1970 UV protection was added to it, which dramatically increased the life of 
the film from 1 year to 5 years [2]. 
In the 80s of the last century, modern greenhouses appeared, equipped with 
heating, additional lighting and systems for maintaining the necessary microclimate. 
The number of types of coverage also expanded. 
In addition to film, materials such as glass and cellular polycarbonate are 
actively used now in greenhouses. 
Modern greenhouses and greenhouse complexes are characterized by a 
significant variety of design solutions, engineering systems, plant growing 
technologies, energy sources, etc. 
Current regulatory documents consider the main features of the greenhouses 
themselves, as well as the technologies for their operation [3], [5]. 
The nomenclature of greenhouses and greenhouse complexes is distributed by 
purpose (berry, seedlings, seedlings and berries), terms of use (year-round and 

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spring-summer-autumn), planning decisions (single-span and multi-span), as well as 
the corresponding sizes and their areas [3]. 
However, it is known that in recent decades a number of new original 
technological and constructive solutions have been introduced into the practice of the 
greenhouse. Further, we consider the general approaches to the modern distribution 
of greenhouses by types and present this classification (Fig. 1.2 and 1.3) 
Figure 1.2– Main conditions (blocks) that reflect the features of manufacture, design 
and construction of greenhouses 
Description of the block for the manufacture and construction of greenhouses: 
– Greenhouse;
– Types of Greenhouses (I); 
– Technology for the industrial cultivation of plants and mushrooms (II); 
– Architectural, space-planning solutions (III); 
– Design Solutions (IV); 
– Technological and engineering systems (V); 
– Technology and organization of construction (VI); 
– Commissioning and operation (VII). 
In this case, the first main issue considered is the technology of growing 
plants in greenhouses (block II). These issues directly determine the choice of 

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architectural and space-planning solutions (block III) and design solutions (block IV). 
Also, the technology of the main industrial production determines the ‘filling’ of 
engineering and technological systems (block V), their parameters and 
characteristics.
The most common type today is the fourth generation greenhouses (such as 
"Agropolis", exclusive representative of the Spanish company RUFEPA 
TECNOAGRO S.L. in Russia and the CIS). 
Figure 1.3 – Greenhouse "Agropolis" 
In greenhouses of the fourth generation “Agropolis” (Figure 1.3), the 
greenhouse structures are made of hot-dip galvanized steel, and thus are characterized 
by increased strength and resistance to corrosion, which ensures a long service life. 
Specialists together with partners will calculate the design of the greenhouse for 
growing various types of plants, taking into account the climatic conditions.
These greenhouses are used for the effective cultivation of vegetables, fruits, 
herbs and flowers on an industrial scale. 
However, these greenhouses have a significant drawback: the inability of the 
greenhouse to maintain an optimal microclimate (due to overheating of the 
greenhouse, opening of the windows is required, which entails the consumption of 
fuel energy) [3]. 
Greenhouses of the fifth generation “Rufepa” provide full control over the 
process of growing plants, the climate control in the greenhouse complex is carried 
out with high accuracy at any time of the year. The implementation of this is possible 
due to the air flow that enters through the perforated sleeves located under the beds. 
The technological process is carried out as follows: the system gives the air flow the 

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necessary temperature, regulates humidity, adds CO
₂ (the concentration of which is 
uniform throughout the greenhouse), and then delivers it individually to each plant. 
The advantages of the greenhouses with innovative Rufepa technology 
(Figure 1.5) over the fourth generation greenhouses are: 
– the height of the structure, about 7 meters, improves the distance between 
the upper part of the plants and the roof; 
– there is no need for ventilation, as recirculation and air conditioning inside 
the greenhouse is used due to the use of recirculation and air conditioning of the 
internal greenhouse;
– penetration of pests is minimal, because the greenhouse complex is under 
slight excess pressure, and all technological openings and ventilation windows are 
equipped with mosquito nets; 
– CO
2
concentration is uniform throughout the greenhouse; 
– air conditioning allows you to cool the greenhouse in the summer; 
– the heat generated by artificial lamps is reused by the microclimate control 
system of the greenhouse complex, which significantly reduces heating costs. 
Having analyzed the features of the Rufepa technology, it can be emphasized 
that such a set of technologies can reduce heating costs by 25% and increase 
productivity by 20%. 
The Rufepa technology allows us to receive the maximum harvest throughout 
the year at the minimum expenses. 
The payback period of a traditional greenhouse can exceed 10 years, while for 
fifth-generation greenhouses it is 5-6 years. At the same time, an innovative 
greenhouse will cost about 35% more than a fourth-generation greenhouse. 
Despite the significantly higher costs, the construction of fifth-generation 
greenhouses is economically justified, which cannot be said about the greenhouses of 
the fourth and earlier generations, in which the desire to increase productivity cannot 
always be economically justified [3], [4], [7]. 

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Figure 1.4– Greenhouse “Rufepa” 
The main task of the greenhouse is to create conditions for the effective life of 
plants. This goal is achieved, including various architectural and planning solutions. 
Depending on the design of a greenhouse, ventilation issues in the roof and in 
the side walls are solved. For greenhouses of the 5th generation, a special ventilation 
chamber is provided along the spans of greenhouses. Additional fan systems take air 
from the greenhouse, bring them to design quality (including the so-called “wet 
screens”) and return them to the plant block. At the same time, the number of 
ventilation structures is much less than that of greenhouses of the Rufepa type. 
Before starting work and choosing a greenhouse complex, it is necessary to 
take into account several parameters: the climatic conditions of the region where the 
complex is planned to be built, the term for growing agricultural crops, as well as the 
light zone of the region (Tomsk is the third light zone) [4]. 

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